LABORATORY 101

Understanding of the Medical

Laboratory
 OBJECTIVES

• Understand the medical diagnostic

laboratory in order to have an
overview of our target market

• Explain the different sections of the

laboratory and tie it up with our
corresponding products
THE LABORATORY
• An integral part of medical management that
aids in the diagnosis of health conditions and
diseases.

• Almost 70% of medical decisions made by

clinicians are from test results coming from the
laboratory.

• Several quality assurance schemes are

implemented to ensure quality in every
laboratory result.
THE LABORATORY
• Specializes in “In Vitro” testing of blood and
other body fluids
• Requires different documents and certifications
from supplier before usage of products offered:
– FDA certifications:
• Certificate of Exclusion
• Certificate of Product Registration
– Product inserts
– MSDS
 Pathologist

Chief Medical Technologist

Section in charge

Staff Medical Technologist

LABORATORY SECTIONS

• Hematology
• Clinical Microscopy
• Immunology
• Serology
• Clinical Chemistry
• Microbiology
• Histopathology
• Blood Bank
• Drug Testing Laboratory
TYPES OF LABORATORY
• Categorized based on service
capability
• See DOH checklist for general
clinical laboratory as reference for
sales proposal
TYPES OF LABORATORY

• Primary laboratory
– Caters selected tests only
– Mandatory sections include Clinical
Microscopy and Hematology
TYPES OF LABORATORY

• Secondary laboratory
– Includes sections from primary +
Clinical Chemistry
TYPES OF LABORATORY

• Tertiary laboratory
– Includes all sections of the laboratory
offering much complex testing
CLINICAL SECTIONS
 HEMATOLOGY
• Used as a broad screening test to
determine general health status.
• Conducts testing of blood such as:
– Complete Blood Count
– Coagulation tests (Protime & APTT)
• Could be done manually, semi-automated
or with full-automation
 HEMATOLOGY
• CBC parameters
– Hemoglobin
– Hematocrit
– Red Blood Cells
• RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
– Platelet Count
– White Blood Cells
• Differential Count (3-parts VS 5-parts)
 HEMATOLOGY
• 3-parameter • 5-parameter
– Granulocytes – Neutrophil
– Lymphocytes – Eosinophil
– Monocytes – Basophil
– Lymphocytes
– Monocytes
 HEMATOLOGY
• Products to recommend?
• Bonavera Count 3-
part analyzer
• Binocular
Microscopes
 CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
• Conducts testing of urine, stool and other
body fluids to detect parasitism, GI
bleeding, bacterial infection, etc.
• Urinalysis, fecalysis, semen analysis
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
 CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
• Products to recommend?
– Binocular Microscopes
– Clinical Centrifuges
 IMMUNOLOGY
• Caters tests for tumor markers, hormones,
viruses, etc.
• Tests could be examined on different
methods (CLIA, ELISA, ELFA, FIA)
 IMMUNOLOGY
• Products to recommend:
– Lansion Bio (FIA)
– Serological centrifuge
– Calibrated pipettes
 SEROLOGY
• Caters infectious disease diagnosis,
measurement of presence of antigen-
antibody
 SEROLOGY
• Almost always requires confirmatory
testing
• Usually caters infectious disease
determination
 SEROLOGY
• Products to recommend
– Beacon latex reagents (RPR, ASO, CRP, RF)
– Rapid kits (Syphilis, Malaria)
– Calibrated Pipettes
– Serological Centrifuge
SEROLOGY
SEROLOGY
 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
• Measures biochemical analytes in the
blood to assess bodily functions.

Product to recommend:
Reagent:
Beacon liquizyme chemistry reagents
Chemistry analyzers (semi & fully automated)
Equipment: Centrifuge, Calibrated Pipettes
 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
• For secondary and tertiary laboratory,
mandatory routine tests are:
– Blood Glucose
– Total Cholesterol
– Uric Acid Blood
– Creatinine
– Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
• Other tests are optional for secondary lab:
– Liver Function Tests
– Lipid Profile
– Body Fluids Chemistry
– Electrolytes
 MICROBIOLOGY
• Identifies bacteria from body fluids and tested
this for antibiotic sensitivity

Products to recommend:
Reagent: Autobio micro product line
Equipment: Microscopes, Hot plate, Autoclave,
analytical balance, water bath, caliper, level II
biosafety cabinet, incubator, laboratory
glasswares
 HISTOPATHOLOGY
• Caters biopsy of organs, tumors, and
effusions

• Products to recommend:
– Microscope, immersion oil, microtome,
cryostat,
 BLOOD BANK
• Caters blood collection from voluntary
donors, screening of blood units,
compatibility testing, and blood typing

• Products to recommend:
- Plasma freezer, serological centrifuge,
plasma thawer, blood bank ref,
 DRUG TESTING LAB
• Screen for methamphetamine and
cannabinoids
LABORATORY SPECIMEN
 LABORATORY SPECIMEN
• Blood
 Most common specimen sent to laboratory for clinical
testing.

 Dispensed in a variety of vacutainer tubes depending on

lab order.
 BLOOD
• Numerous examinations
can be done with a blood
specimen, using the
different blood components:

• SERUM– the clear to yellow

colored liquid portion from
coagulated (clotted) blood.
 BLOOD

• PLASMA– the clear to yellow

colored liquid portion from
anticoagulated blood.

• WHOLE BLOOD –Blood drawn

from the body from which no
constituent, such as plasma or
platelets, has been removed. 
 BLOOD TEST TUBES
TUBE TOP TEST/S NOTES
Serum Chemistries
RED Serology/Hormones

Serum Chemistries
YELLOW WITH GEL Serology/Hormones

LAVANDER Complete Blood Count,

(EDTA) HBA1c

BLUE
(Na Citrate) Coagulation tests
1:9
BLACK
Erythrocyte Sedimentation
(Na Citrate) Rate (ESR)
1:4
BLOOD
 URINE

• Tested for its chemical

and microscopic
properties
– 24 hour urine samples
– Urinalysis
 URINE
• Macroscopic analysis
– Color and clarity
• Chemical Examination
– pH, specific gravity, glucose, protein, bilirubin,
urobilinogen, etc
• Microscopic Examination
– RBC, pus cells, bacteria, crystals, etc
STOOL

• Aids in detection
of parasitism,
bacterial
infection and
bleeding of colon
PHASES OF LABORATORY
TESTING
 LABORATORY TESTING

• There are THREE phases

involved in laboratory
testing. Each of them
greatly contributes to the
overall result done and
released by the Medical
Technologists and verified
by the Pathologist.
 LABORATORY TESTING
• Pre-analytical
• - Reagent storage, machine maintenance,
specimen collection, handling and transport

• Analytical
• - Actual examinations and testing

• Post-analytical
• - Results interpretation, transmission,
verification, validation and delivery