8.

Surface and Space Curve (1)

P 827-832

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 1
 Contents

 Ⅰ Equations of Surfaces
 Ⅱ Quadric Surfaces
 Ⅲ Equations of Space Curves

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 2
 Ⅰ Equations of Surfaces
1. Equation and surface

In analytic geometry in space, a surface is regarded as the generating trace of a

variable point. For instance, let be a point whose coordinates are , S be a surface, and

be an equation in the three variables , and

𝑃 (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧)
.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 3
 If the point lies on , then its coordinates must satisfy equation ①;
conversely, if the coordinates of the point satisfy equation ①, then the point
must lie on . Then, the equation ① is called the equation of the surface , and
the surface is called the figure of the equation.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 4
Example 1

Find the equation of the sphere S with center and radius R.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 5
Solution

Because a variable point lies on the sphere S with center and radius R if and only
if

That is,

Therefore, the equation of the sphere S in rectangular coordinate is

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 6
 2. Cylinders
(1) Definition of a cylinder
Generating
line
A cylinder is a surface that is generated by moving a
straight line along a given planar curve while holding the Cylinder S
line parallel to a given fixed line . The curve is called a S
𝐿
directrix of the cylinder, and is called a generating line of
the cylinder.

Directrix

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 7
 (2) Cylinders with their generating lines are parallel to axis

If the generating line of the cylinder is parallel to the -axis and the directrix is a
curve in the -plane, that is

Then the equation of the cylinder is

Similarly, the equations of the cylinders whose generating lines are parallel to the -
axis and the -axis are respectively represented as

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 8
 Conclusion

Generally, if the equation of a surface does not include one of the variables
of , or , say , then the surface is a cylinder and its generating line is parallel
to the -axis.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 9
 The equation of the cylinder whose generating line is parallel to the
-axis
z
𝑺 : 𝑭 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )=𝟎 Cylinder S

Generating
line

0
y

{¿ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)=0
¿ 𝑧=0
x
Directrix
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 10
 represents the cylinder whose generating line is parallel to the x-axis

{¿ 𝐹 ( 𝑦 , 𝑧)=0
¿ 𝑥=0
Directrix

Generating
line Cylinder

0
𝒚

𝒙
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 11
For example, the equations

are all cylinders, their generating lines are all parallel to the -axis, and their directrices
are
the ellipse the hyperbola and the parabola
in the -plane, respectively.
Therefore, they are called an elliptic cylinder, a hyperbolic cylinder, and a parabolic
cylinder, respectively.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 12
 z

Elliptic cylinder

2 2
𝑥 𝑦
2
+ 2 =1
𝑎 𝑏
o
b y

a
x
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 13
 Hyperbolic cylinder
2 2
𝑥 𝑧
− 2
+ 2
=1
𝒛 𝟎 𝑎 𝑏
𝒚=

𝑜
𝒚

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 14
 z

𝒚
Parabolic cylinder

o
𝒙
2
𝑦 =2 𝑝𝑥

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 15
2. Cones
A surface formed by moving a line that passes through a fixed point along a fixed curve is
called a cone. is called the generating line, and is called the directrix. The following surface
is a cone whose vertex is the origin O and whose directrix is

{
Γ : ¿ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=0 ,
¿ 𝑧 =𝑧 0 .

𝑳 𝑺
Cone

Directrix
Generating line

Vertex
𝟎 𝒚
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 𝒙 16
 (1) The equation of a cone z

Let P be an arbitrary point on the

{
Γ  : ¿ 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )=0 ,
¿𝑧=𝑧 0

cone S, then P must lie on the generating •

𝑃 0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦 0 ,𝑧 0)
•
line OP, and OP crosses the directrix 𝑃 (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧)

at .Thus,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= = . o
𝑥0 𝑦0 𝑧0 y
And so,
x
𝑧0 𝑥 𝑧0 𝑦
𝑥0 = , 𝑦 0= .
𝑧 𝑧

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 17
Since
That is
we have z
{
Γ  : ¿ 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦)=0 ,
¿𝑧=𝑧 0

•
𝑃 0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦 0 ,𝑧 0)
•
This is the equation of the cone whose
𝑃(𝑥,𝑦 ,𝑧)
vertex is the origin and whose directrix is
the curve o
y

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 18
 For example, the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and
whose directrix is the ellipse

{
𝑥2 𝑦2
Γ : ¿ 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 =1 ,   is 1
¿
2
¿ 𝑧 =𝑐 𝑎

that is
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧 2
2
+ 2= 2 .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

This is called an elliptic cone.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 19
3. Surface of revolution
(1) Definition of the surface of revolution

Let be a curve in a plane and let be a fixed line in . A surface formed by

revolving the curve around the fixed straight line is called a surface of
revolution, is called the generator. z

The axis Generator

Generator
{¿ 𝑓 (𝑦 , 𝑧)=0
¿ 𝑥=0

o
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn y 20
 z

o
y

x
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 21
(2) The equation of the surface of revolution S
z

Generator C: { ¿ 𝑓 ( 𝑦 , 𝑧 )=0
¿ 𝑥=0
P N (0, 𝑦 1 , 𝑧 1 )
Revolving around the z-axis
M
∀ 𝑴 (𝒙 ,𝒚 , 𝒛)∈ 𝑺
S z 𝑧1 C
𝒇 ( 𝒚 𝟏 , 𝒛 𝟏 )=𝟎
o
𝑧 1= 𝑧 𝑦1 y

𝑺 :    𝒇 (± √ 𝒙 +𝒚 , 𝒛 )=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
x
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 22
(3) Hyperboloid of two sheets of revolution
x

{
𝑥2 𝑦 2
Hyperbola : ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =1   
¿ 𝑧 =0

Revolving around the x-axis

0 y

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 23
(3) Hyperboloid of two sheets of revolution
x

{
𝑥2 𝑦 2
Hyperbola : ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =1   
¿ 𝑧 =0
z

Revolving around the x-axis

.

0 y
Then we have the equation of
two sheets of revolution

𝑥 2 𝑦 2+ 𝑧 2
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 24
(4) Hyperboloid of one sheet of revolution

{
2 2 y
𝑥 𝑦
Hyperbola : ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =1   
¿ 𝑧=0

Revolving around the -axis. o

a
x

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 25
(4) Hyperboloid of one sheet of revolution

{
2 2
y
𝑥 𝑦
Hyperbola : ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =1   
¿ 𝑧=0

Revolving around the -axis. o

a
x
Then, we have the equation of
.

one sheet of revolve as

z

𝑥 2 + 𝑧2 𝑦 2
2
− 2 =1
𝑎 𝑏
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 26
 (5) Cone of revolution
x
Two intersecting lines

{
𝑏
¿ 𝑦=± 𝑥 ,
𝑎
¿ 𝑧=0

{
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
or    ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =0 , o
¿ 𝑧 =0. y

Revolving around x-axis

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 27
 (5) Cone of revolution
x
Two intersecting lines

{
𝑏
¿ 𝑦=± 𝑥 ,
𝑎
z
¿ 𝑧=0

{
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
or    ¿ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 =0 , o
¿ 𝑧 =0. y

Revolving around x-axis

.

We have the equation of

the cone of revolve as

𝑥 2 𝑦 2+ 𝑧 2
2
− 2
=0
𝑎 𝑏
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 28
(6) Paraboloid of revolution
Parabola z

{
2
𝑦 =𝑎𝑧
  
𝑥=0
Revolving around the z-axis

o y

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 29
(6) Paraboloid of revolution
Parabola z

{
2
𝑦 =𝑎𝑧
  
𝑥=0
Revolving around -axis

o y

04/27/2023
x yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 30
(6) Paraboloid of revolution
Parabola
z
{
2
𝑦 =𝑎𝑧
  
𝑥=0
Revolving around -axis
Then the equation
.
of the parabola is

𝑥2+ 𝑦2
𝑧=
𝑎 .

o y

04/27/2023
x yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 31
 (7) Torus Circle : （ 𝑥 − 𝑅 ¿2 + 𝑦 2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑅>𝑟 > 0)
Revolving around the y-axis

r
o x
R

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 32
 (7) Torus Circle : （ 𝑥 − 𝑅 ¿2 + 𝑦 2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑅>𝑟 > 0)
Revolving around the y-axis
𝑦

𝑜 𝑥

𝑧
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 33
 (7) Torus Circle : （ 𝑥 − 𝑅 ¿2 + 𝑦 2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑅>𝑟 > 0)
Revolving around the y-axis 𝑦

𝑜 𝑥

𝑧
The equation of the torus is . ¿
.

04/27/2023
¿      ¿
yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 34
 Ⅱ Quadric Surfaces

1. Quadric surface and method of parallel sections

Quadric Surfaces
A quadric surface is the graph in space of a second-degree equation in ,and . The basic
quadric surfaces are ellipsoids, paraboloids, elliptic cones, and hyperboloids. Spheres
are special cases of ellipsoids.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 35
:
The quadric form is

where are constants, but by translation and rotation it can be brought into one of the
two standard forms

or

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 36
 (2) Method of parallel sections

In order to sketch the graph of a quadric surface easily, we cut the surface
by planes parallel to the coordinate planes, and analyze the change of shape
of the curves of intersection. These curves are called cross sections or traces,
and this method is called the method of parallel sections.

We will discuss three canonical classes of quadric surface: ellipsoids,

hyperboloids, and paraboloids.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 37
2. Ellipsoids
The standard equation of an ellipsoid is where

The ellipsoid is symmetric with respect to the -plane, -plane, and -plane,
respectively. Therefore, it is symmetric with respect to each coordinate axis and
the origin .
c

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 38
a
Crossed by the plane , we have the cross section in plane is an ellipse.

Crossed by

𝑥2 𝑧 2 𝑚2 c
    2 + 2 =1− 2
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏

Crossed by
2 2 2
b
𝑦 𝑧 𝑛
    2
+ 2
=1− 2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 39
a
 The standard equation of an ellipsoid is

Vertex

Vertex
Vertex
O
Vertex Vertex

Vertex

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 40
 The ellipsoid’s center is origin O, its principal axes are the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis,
and its principal planes are the -plane, the -plane and the -plane.

If then are called respectively the semimajor axis, the semimean axis, and the
semiminor axis.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 41
The equation of a surface obtained by expanding it along some axis by times

Definition
In the plane expanding the point to is called the expansion of along -axis by
multiples.

If the function of is given by then the function of is

The above ellipsoid can be obtained by revolving the around axis, then expand
multiples along the -axis.

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 42
Elliptic Cone 𝒛

Standard form:
𝒚

04/27/2023 yangyingxue@cqupt.edu.cn 43