8.

Planes and Lines in Space(2)

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  Ⅳ Position Relationships Between Two Lines
 Ⅴ Position Relationships Between
a Line and a Planes
 VI Distance from a Point to a Plane (Line)

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 Ⅳ Position Relationships Between Two Lines

1. The included angle between two lines

(1) General relationship

Definition

The included angle between two lines is defined as the acute angle ( 锐 角 )
between their direction vectors, denoted by .

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Let

be two given lines. Then their direction vectors are Let to be the angle of two
vectors, and from the formula

we have

(Since need to be an acute angle, or )

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(2) Special relationships

Parallel:

Orthogonal:

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 2. Examples of the problem of position relationship

Example 8 Discuss the position relationships between the two lines

If they intersect, find the point of intersection. If they are coplanar, find the plane
in which they lie.

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Solution (1) Line and line are neither parallel nor orthogonal.

(2) Determine if they are coplanar or not.

Take a point on and a point on .

Let , then the mixed product is

Thus and are coplanar. Therefore, they intersect.

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 (3) Find the point of intersection
From

we obtain the point of intersection of and is (1, 0, 2).

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 (4) Find the equation of the plane
Take the normal vector of the plane as

then, the equation of is

or

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 Ⅴ Position Relationships Between
a Line and a Plane

1. Position relationships
L
(1) General relationships

Generally, the included angle between a line and a plane is defined as

the acute angle between L and its projection vector in the plane . Here
when the line is perpendicular to ,

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Let

Then, we have

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 (2) Special relationships

Parallel //

Orthogonal

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2. Examples of determining the relationship

Example 9
Find the point of the intersection of the line and the plane and the included
angle between and , where

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Solution (1) Find the point of intersection of L and

The parametric equations of L are

Then, substituting the above expressions into the equation of the

plane ,we obtain Solving the equation for t, we have Substituting again
into the parametric equations of L, we obtain the point intersection

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 (2) Find the included angle

Since the direction vector of L is , and the normal vector to the plane is ,
the included angle between L and is

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 Ⅵ Distance from a Point to a Plane (Line)

1. Distance from a point to a plane

d

Let and does not lie in the plane The distance between them is
denoted by .

We choose arbitrarily point in the plane , and draw the vector . Then, we get

where

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 Therefore, we obtain the distance as

| 𝐴( 𝑥 0 − 𝑥1 )+ 𝐵 ( 𝑦 0 − 𝑦 1)+𝐶 ( 𝑧 0 − 𝑧 1)|
𝑑= .
√𝐴 2
+𝐵 +𝐶 2 2

Notice that lies in the plane , so that

Thus, the distance of and the plane can be written as

| 𝐴 𝑥0 + 𝐵 𝑦 0+ 𝐶 𝑧 0 + 𝐷|
𝑑= . ⒃
√𝐴 2
+ 𝐵 +𝐶
2 2

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Example
Find the distance from to the plane

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2. The distance of a point and a line

It is easy to prove the following formula about the distance of

a point and a line 𝜃

where is the direction vector of L.

Actually, it is easy to see

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Example
Find the distance from the point to the line

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