Appendix B

Networks and Telecommunications

 Appendix B Overview
Networks and Telecommunications
• Network Basics
• Architecture
• Topology
• Protocols
• Media

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 Learning Outcomes
B.1 Compare LANs, WANs, and MANs.
B.2 Compare the two types of network architectures.
B.3 Explain topology and the different types found in
networks.
B.4 Describe protocols and the importance of TCP/IP.
B.5 Identify the different media types found in networks.

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 Network Basics 1 of 3
Telecommunication system – Enable the
transmission of data over public or private
networks

Network – A communications system created by

linking two or more devices and establishing a
standard methodology in which they can
communicate

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 Network Basics 2 of 3
The three types of networks include:
• Local area network (LAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)

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 Local area network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is designed to
connect a group of computers in proximity to
each other such as in an office building, a
school, or a home.

A LAN is useful for sharing resources such as

files, printers, games, or other applications.

A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs and

to the Internet or wide area networks.
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 Wide area network (WAN)

A wide area network (WAN) spans a large

geographic area, such as a state, province, or
country.
WANs often connect multiple smaller networks,
such as local area networks or metropolitan
area networks.
The world’s most popular WAN is the Internet.

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 Metropolitan area network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large
computer network usually spanning a city.

Figure B.1 highlights the three types of networks, and

Figure B.2 illustrates each network type.

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 Figure B.2 LAN, WAN, and MAN

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 A network typically includes four things (besides the
computers themselves):
1. Protocol—a set of communication rules to make
sure that everyone speaks the same
language.
2. Network interface card (NIC)—card that plugs into
the back (or side) of your computers
and lets them send and receive messages from other
computers.
3. Cable—the medium to connect all of the computers.
4. Hub (switch or router)—hardware to perform traffic
control.

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 Network Basics 3 of 3
Networks are differentiated by the following:
• Architecture – Peer-to-peer, client/server
• Topology – Bus, star, ring, hybrid,
wireless
• Protocols – Ethernet, Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
• Media – Coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic

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 Architecture
There are two primary types of architecture
• Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
• Client/server network

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 Figure B.3 Peer-to-Peer Networks
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network – Any network without a central file
server and in which all computers in the network have access to
the public files located on all other workstations

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 Client/Server Networks 1 of 2
Client – A computer that is designed to request
information from a server
Server – A computer that is dedicated to
providing information in response to external
requests
• Client/server network – Model for
applications in which the bulk of the
back-end processing takes place on a
server, while the front-end processing is
handled by the clients
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 Client/Server Networks 2 of 2
Network operating system (NOS) – The operating
system that runs a network, steering information
between computers and managing security and users
Packet-switching – Occurs when the sending computer
divides a message into a number of efficiently-sized
units called packets, each of which contains the address
of the destination computer
Router – An intelligent connecting device that examines
each packet of data it receives and then decides which
way to send it onward toward its destination

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 Figure B.4 Client/Server Network

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 Topology
Network topology – Refers to the geometric
arrangement of the actual physical organization of the
computers and other network devices) in a network
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
• Hybrid
• Wireless

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 Bus: All devices are connected to a central cable, called
the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively
inexpensive and easy to install for small networks
Star: All devices are connected to a central device,
called a hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install
and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all
data must pass through the hub
Ring: All devices are connected to one another in the
shape of a closed loop, so that each device is
connected directly to two other devices, one on either
side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and
difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and
can span large distances

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 Hybrid: Groups of star-configured workstations
are connected to a linear bus backbone cable,
combining the characteristics of the bus and
star topologies

Wireless: Devices are connected by a

receiver/transmitter to a special network
interface card that transmits signals between a
computer and a server, all within an acceptable
transmission range

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 Figure B.6 Network Topologies

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 Protocols
Protocol – A standard that specifies the format of data
as well as the rules to be followed during transmission
Interoperability – The capability of two or more
computer systems to share data and resources, even
though they are made by different manufacturers

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 Figure B.7 Ethernet Protocols
Ethernet – A physical and data layer technology for LAN networking

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 Figure B.8 TCP/IP Four-Layer Reference Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) –Provides the technical foundation for the
public Internet as well as for large numbers of private
networks

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 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP applications
• File transfer protocol (FTP)
• Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
• Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
• Simple network management
Protocol (SNMP)

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Allows files
containing text, programs, graphics, numerical
data, and so on to be downloaded off or
uploaded onto a network.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): TCP/IP’s
own messaging system for e-mail.
Telnet Protocol: Provides terminal emulation
that allows a personal computer or workstation
to act as a terminal, or access device, for a
server.
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 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Allows
Web browsers and servers to send and receive
Web pages.

Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP): Allows the management of networked
nodes to be managed from a single point

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 Voice Over IP (VoIP)
Voice over IP (VoIP) – Uses TCP/IP technology to
transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines

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 Media
Network transmission media – Refers to the
various types of media used to carry the signal
between computers
• Wire media (guided)
• Wireless media (unguided)

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 Wire Media
Wire media – Transmission material manufactured so
that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will
behave predictably
Three most commonly used types include:
1. Twisted-pair wiring
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic (or optical fiber)

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 Twisted-pair wiring: refers to a type of cable
composed of four (or more) copper wires
twisted around each other within a plastic
sheath
Coaxial cable: carries a wide range of
frequencies with low signal loss
Fiber optic (or optical fiber): refers to the
technology associated with the transmission of
information as light impulses along a glass wire
or fiber

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 Figure B.11 Twisted-Pair, Coaxial Cable, and
Fiber-Optic

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 Wireless Media
Wireless media – Natural parts of the Earth’s
environment that can be used as physical paths to carry
electrical signals

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 Learning Outcome Review

Now that you have finished the appendix please review

the learning outcomes in your text.

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 Appendix of Image Long Descriptions

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 Appendix 1 Figure B.2 LAN, WAN, and MAN
An example L A N, for a city library, shows multiple computers
and a shared printer and server, all connecting to a single
network backbone.
An example M A N, for a university campus, shows a west
campus and an east campus L A N. The network backbones
connect via a cloud labeled M A N.
An example W A N, for the Internet, shows separate L A Ns from
across the world (Australia, England, Colorado, and
Massachusetts). The network backbone of each connects via a
cloud labeled W A N.

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 Appendix 2 Figure B.6 Network Topologies
B U S – Multiple devices each connect into a central
backbone.
STAR – Multiple devices each connect into a central
device.
Ring – Two separate groupings show multiple devices
connected into a closed loop.
Hybrid – Devices are connected in a tree structure.
Wireless – Devices connect via signal to one of two
access points. Each access point connects directly into a
cloud labeled Wireless LAN/WAN/MAN.
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 Appendix 3 Figure B.7 Ethernet Protocols
Computers for three departments (finance, sales, and
Human Resources) each connect to a common Ethernet
backbone.
Also connected to the backbone is a department server
and printers.
The backbone connects through a router-firewall out to
the Internet.

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 Appendix 4 Figure B.8 TCP/IP Four-Layer
Reference Model
From the top down, layers with examples are:
Applications – F T P, S M T P, Telnet, H T T P, S N T P.
Transport – T C P.
Internet – I P.
Network interface –Ethernet, token ring, F D D I.

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 Appendix 5 Figure B.11 Twisted-Pair, Coaxial
Cable, and Fiber-Optic
Twisted-pair cabling (10 Base T) – Multiple copper wires
are each enclosed by an inner, single-wire cover. The
collection of covered copper wires are then enclosed in
a single protective outside cover.
Coaxial cable – A copper center conductor is enclosed
by an insulator, then a layer of copper/aluminum mesh,
and finally by a protective outside cover.
Fiber-optic cable – A glass fiber core is enclosed by
cladding and finally by a jacket.

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