PENDING….

(NOT YET PRESENTED)

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 COMPUTER
ORGANISATION
AND ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY : ANUSHIKA SRIVASTAVA

KUMAR SATYAM
MOHIT KUMAR SHARMA

SUBMITTED TO : DR. BHARTI SHARMA

TABLE OF CONTENT
• WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
AND ORGANIZATION
• DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
• DIAGRAM OF ARCHITECTURE
• TYPES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
• Von-Neumann Architecture
• Harvard Architecture
 Von-Neumann v/s Harvard architecture
 Uses
• Instruction Set Architecture
 RISC and CISC Architecture
• WHY DO WE STUDY COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
• ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
 Ref no. [5]

What is
Computer
Architecture?
• Computer Architecture describe how
hardware and software technology interact to
create a computer platform or system.
• It refers to those attributes of a system that
are visible to the programmer and have a
direct impact on logical execution of a
program.
• It defines “WHAT” does the system do.

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Difference between COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
and ARCHITECTURE

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 Ref no. [5]
Different components of Computer Architecture
Input Unit , Output Unit , Storage Unit , Arithmetic Logic Unit , Control Unit.

INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT STORAGE UNIT ALU CONTROL UNIT

Provides data and Provides result of Holds the data and All calculations are Controls other units
instruction to the computation to the instructions for later performed by this and thus called
computer system. outside world. use. unit. central nervous
system.

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DIAGRAM OF
ARCHITECTURE

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 Ref no. [2]

Von-Neumann
Architecture
Instruction Set
Architecture
Harvard
Architecture
Types of
Computer
Architecture

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 Ref no. [2]

•This architecture was proposed by John Von

Neumann in 1945.
• In this architecture, data operation and instruction
VON-NEUMANN fetch occur at the same time because they share a
common bus.
ARCHITECTURE •Most computer use this architecture nowadays.
•Also known as Princeton Architecture.

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VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

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 Ref no. [2]

•Harvard architecture is used when data and code

HARVARD is present in different memory blocks.
• It has different access codes and data address
ARCHITECTURE spaces.
•  Instruction address zero identifies 24-byte value
and data address zero identifies 8-byte value.

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HARVARD ARCHITECTURE

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 Ref no. [4]

VON-NEUMANN V/S VON-NEUMANN-

• Same memory holds data and instructions.
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE • A single set of data/address buses between CPU
and memory.

HARVARD-
• Seperate memories for data and instructions.
• Two sets of address/data buses between CPU
and memory.

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 Ref no. [4]

VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE HARVARD ARCHITECTURE

address
address Data memory
200
data
CPU
Memory data CPU
200 ADD r5,r1,r3 ADD r5,r1,r3 address IR
Program memory
data PC

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Uses of VON-NEUMANN and HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
VON-NEUMANN
Small computers and PC’s
(Personal Computer) use this
architecture. This design is still
used in most computers
produced today. A personal
computer (PC) is a multi-
purpose computer whose size,
capabilities, and price make it
feasible for individual use.
HARVARD
A microcontroller is a small
computer on a single
metal-oxide-semiconductor
integrated circuit chip.
A microcontroller contains
one or more CPUs along
with memory and
programmable
input/output peripherals.
Signal processing is an
electrical engineering
subfield that focuses
on analysing,
modifying, and
synthesizing signals 
such as sound, images,
and scientific
measurements.
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 Ref no. [2]

•ISA is needed because it has a set of

instructions that the processor understands.
• It is the interface between the computer
INSTRUCTION SET software and hardware.
• ISA defines the machine code that a
ARCHITECTURE processor reads and acts upon.
• It has two instruction set- one is RISC and
the other is CISC.

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INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE

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 Ref no. [3]
RISC and CISC Architecture
Both approaches try to increase the CPU performance
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) : Reduce the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions
per program.
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC): The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per
program but at the cost of increase in number of cycles per instruction.

Example – Suppose we have to add two 8-bit number:

CISC approach: There will be a single command or instruction for this like ADD which will perform the task.
RISC approach: Here programmer will write first load command to load data in registers then it will use suitable
operator and then it will store result in desired location.

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 Ref no. [3]

Reduced Instruction Set Complex Instruction Set

Computing(RISC) Computing(CISC)

1. A instruction execute in single Instruction take more than one

clock cycle. clock cycle.
2. Code size is large. Code size is small.

3. A instruction fit in one word. Instruction are larger than size of

one word.
4. Requires more number of Requires less number of registers.
registers.
5. Focus is on software. Focus on hardware.

6. Transistors are used for more Transistors are used for storing
registers. complex instructions.

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 Ref no. [1]

• The most fundamental subject in computer

WHY DO WE science
• Explores how machines are designed, built and

STUDY COMPUTER
operate.
• Things like surfing the web, sending email,
writing a document, is on top of computer
ARCHITECTURE?? architecture.
• Informed decisions instead of guesstimating
and assuming.

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 Ref no. [6]

ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
• It describe the pattern and technique used to design and build
an application.
• The architecture gives you roadmap.
• The architecture is a starting point or roadmap for building or
creating an application.
• It provides the functional details and behavior of a computer
system and comes before computer organization.
• Computer architecture provides functional behavior of computer
system.

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 Reference:-
[1]
https://web.njit.edu/~sohna/cs650/why.html#:~:text=The%20subject%20explores%20how%20machines,instead%20of%20gu
estimating%20and%20assuming
.
[2] https://www.educba.com/types-of-computer-architecture/
[3] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-risc-and-cisc/
[4] https://www.csee.umbc.edu/~tinoosh/cmpe311/notes/Instruction%20Set%20Architecture%20review.pdf
[5] https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLV8vIYTIdSnar4uzz-4TIlgyFJ2m18NE3
[6] https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantage-and-disadvantage-of-computer-architecture-give-in-points

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We would like to thank Dr. Bharti Sharma for giving us this
opportunity. Thank you Ma'am.
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