Power System

Course #: EEN345

Lecture#6 – Unbalanced Faults

Introduction
 There are three types of Unbalanced Faults:

1. Single Line to Ground Fault:

 If a node is connected to ground through an impedance Zf,
therefore, a fault known as single line to ground will
occurs.

2. Line to Line Fault:

 If any phase comes in contact with another phase through
Zf, this type of fault is known as line-to-line fault.
2
Introduction
3. Double Line to Ground Fault:
 If a node is connected to ground through an
impedance Zf, therefore, a fault known as
single line to ground will occurs.

3
Introduction
 During unsymmetrical faults the network currents
and voltages are unbalanced.
 The analysis of such unbalanced faults in power
systems is carried out by finding the symmetrical
components of the unbalanced currents.
 The network is analyzed by constructing three
sequence circuits during the unbalanced fault.

4
Introduction
• Thus, for any power system
working under unbalanced
conditions, we can transfer
the system into three
sequence networks. The
sequence networks are
simplified into their
equivalent circuits and
connected in different ways
to represent different
unsymmetrical faults.

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6
Single Line to
Ground Fault
SLG Fault
Single Line to Ground Fault
 If phase a is connected to ground through an impedance Zf , then the
system becomes under a SLG fault condition.
 The terminal conditions at this fault type can be expressed as:
(𝟏)

 During a single line to ground fault (SLG) the system is unbalanced and
can be analyzed by using the sequence circuits.
 We learnt from lecture 5 that we may represent any system in terms of its
sequence circuits.
 However, how do we connect the three sequence circuits in order to
represent the single line to ground fault?

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Single Line to Ground Fault
 The terminal unbalanced currents at the fault point can be transferred into their
sequence components as follows:

 Substituting the terminal conditions as in (1) we get:

 Or:

(𝟐)
8
Single Line to Ground Fault
 Therefore, during fault:
(𝟑)
 The terminal voltage at phase a can be transferred into its sequence
components as:

 Substituting in (3) we get:

(𝟒)

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Single Line to Ground Fault
 From the two equations (2) and (4) we can conclude that during a SLG fault,
the three sequence circuits are connected in series:

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Single Line to Ground Fault
 Analyzing the sequence circuit that represent a single line to ground fault,
we get:

 NOTE: These are the currents at the SLG fault point. The currents in the
system during the SLG fault should be computed by analyzing the
sequence circuits.
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Single Line to Ground Fault
 From the sequence currents we can find the sequence voltages as follows:

 Or in matrix form:

 NOTE: These are the voltages at the SLG fault point. The voltages at other
locations in the system (during the SLG fault) should be computed by
analyzing the sequence circuits.
12
Example 6.1:
 Draw the sequence circuits for the network when a single line to ground fault occurs
at bus 3.

MVA kV X+ X– X0
G1 100 11 0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 100 11 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1 100 11/220 0.06 0.06 0.06
T2 100 220/11 0.07 0.07 0.07
Line 100 220 0.10 0.10 0.30
13
Solution:

14
Example 6.2:
 Consider a system with sequence impedances given by:

 Find the voltages and currents at the fault point for a single line-to-ground fault.

15
Solution:
 The sequence networks are connected in series for a
single line-to-ground fault.
 The sequence currents are given by:

NOTE: These are the currents at

the SLG fault point. The currents in
the system during the SLG fault should
be computed by analyzing the
sequence circuits. 16
Solution:
 From the sequence currents we can find the sequence voltages as
follows:

17
Solution:
 The actual line to neutral voltages are as follows:
NOTE: These are the voltages
at the SLG fault point. The
voltages at other locations in the
system (during the SLG fault)
should be computed by analyzing
the sequence circuits.
18
Example 6.3:
 Consider that a SLG fault occurred at bus 2. Find:
a) Fault currents at bus 2
b) Line to neutral voltages at fault point.
c) Currents at generator 1 terminals.

MVA kV X+ X– X0
G1 100 11 0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 100 11 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1 100 11/220 0.06 0.06 0.06
T2 100 220/11 0.07 0.07 0.07
Line 100 220 0.10 0.10 0.30 19
Solution:
 The sequence circuits and their equivalent impedances as seen from the faulted bus
(2) are:

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Solution:
a) For a SLG fault at bus 2, the sequence circuits should be
connected in series as shown.
 The equivalent impedances are:

 From the sequence circuits, the currents are given by:

21
Solution:
 Using the sequence currents, then the fault currents in pu at bus 2 are:

 The actual values of the fault currents in Ampere are:

NOTE: These are the

currents from bus 2 to the
ground during the SLG
fault at bus 2

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Solution:
b) From the sequence currents we can find the sequence voltages at bus 2 as follows:

23
Solution:
 The actual line to neutral voltages in pu are as follows:

 The actual line to neutral voltages in kV are as follows:

NOTE: These are the
voltages from bus 2 to the
ground during the SLG
fault at bus 2

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Solution:
c) The currents at Generator 1 are:

When stepping up from LV-side to the HV-side of a ∆Y or a

Y∆, increase the phase shift angle of the positive sequence
voltage or current by 30 degree.

25
Solution:

When stepping up from LV-side to the HV-side of a ∆Y or a

Y∆, decrease the phase shift angle of the negative sequence
voltage or current by 30 degree.

Using the zero sequence circuit, Generator 1 is opened circuit

at bus 1, therefore:

26
Solution:
 Therefore the currents at generator 1 during SLG fault at bus 2 are:

27
Solution:

 Therefore the actual currents at generator 1 during SLG fault at bus 2 are:

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29
Line to Line Fault

LL Fault
Line to Line Fault
 If a line comes in contact with another phase through Zf , then the system
becomes under a fault condition known as line-to-line fault (LLF).
 The terminal conditions at this fault type can be expressed as:

 During a line-to-line fault (LLF) the system is unbalanced and can be

analyzed by using the sequence circuits.
 From section lecture 5, we learnt to represent any system in terms of its
sequence circuits.
 However, how do connect the three sequence circuits in order to represent
the line-to-line fault (LLF)?

30
Line to Line Fault
 The terminal unbalanced currents at the fault point can be transferred into their
sequence components as follows:

 Substituting the terminal conditions as in (1) we get:

31
Line to Line Fault

 Thus:

32
Line to Line Fault
 Therefore, at the fault terminal:

(𝟏)

 Therefore:
(𝟐) (𝟑)

 Therefore, during a line-to-line fault there are no zero sequence components in the
sequence circuit that represents this fault.
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Line to Line Fault
 During LLF, we have:

(𝟒)

 Using the symmetrical components, then:

 Substituting the symmetrical components in (4) we get: (𝟓)

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Line to Line Fault
 Substituting (1), (2) & (3) in (5) we get:

(𝟔)

35
Line to Line Fault
 From the two equations (1), (2) & (6) we can conclude that during a LLF fault,
there is no zero sequence circuit and the positive and negative sequence
circuits are connected as shown:

36
Line to Line Fault
 The circuit model that represents a LLF
fault can be drawn as shown in the
Figure:

 The circuit can be modified into a

simple circuit model as shown in the
Figure:
37
Line to Line Fault
 Analyzing the circuit model that represent the Line-to-Line Fault:

 NOTE: These are the currents at the LL fault point. The currents in the system during the LL fault
should be computed by analyzing the complete sequence circuits.
38
Line to Line Fault
 From the sequence currents we can find the sequence voltages as follows:

 Or in matrix form:

 NOTE: These are the voltages at the LLF point. The voltages at other
locations in the system (during the LLF) should be computed by analyzing the
sequence circuits.
39
Note:
 During Line-to-Line Fault we can conclude the following:

1. The sequence circuit contains the positive and negative-sequence circuits. There is no zero
sequence components in case of Line-to-Line Fault.

2. The line currents are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

3. If the fault impedance Zf = 0, then the line-to-line fault can be presented by positive sequence and
negative-sequence circuits connected in parallel.

40
Example 6.4:
 Draw the sequence circuits for the network when a line to line fault occurs at bus 3.

MVA kV X+ X– X0
G1 100 11 0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 100 11 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1 100 11/220 0.06 0.06 0.06
T2 100 220/11 0.07 0.07 0.07
Line 100 220 0.10 0.10 0.30 41
Solution:

42
Example 6.5:
 Consider a system with sequence impedances given by:

 Find the voltages and currents at the fault point for a line to line fault through a fault
impedance of Zf = j0.05 pu.

43
Solution:
 The sequence networks are connected in series for a line to line fault.
 The sequence currents are given by:

NOTE: These are the

currents at the LLF fault
point. The currents in the
system during the LLF fault
should be computed by
analyzing the sequence
circuits.

44
Solution:
 From the sequence currents we can find the sequence voltages as
follows:

45
Solution:
 The actual line to neutral voltages are as follows:
NOTE: These are the voltages
at the LLF fault point. The
voltages at other locations in the
system (during the LLF fault)
should be computed by analyzing
the sequence circuits.
46
47
Double Line to
Ground Fault
LLG Fault
Double Line to Ground Fault
 If a line comes in contact with another line and the ground through an impedance
Zf as shown in the figure, then, this type of fault is known as double line to ground
fault (LLG).
 The terminal conditions at this fault type can be expressed as:

 During a double line to ground fault (LLG) the system is unbalanced and can be
analyzed by using the sequence circuits.
 From section lecture 5, we learnt to represent any system in terms of its sequence
circuits.
 However, how do connect the three sequence circuits in order to represent the line-
to-line fault (LLG)?

48
Double Line to Ground Fault
 Using the symmetrical components, the terminal voltages are:

(𝟏)

 The terminal currents are:

49
Double Line to Ground Fault
 The voltage between fault terminal and ground is:

 Using symmetrical components, this can be written as:

 Substituting (1) in the above we get:

 Since
50
Double Line to Ground Fault
 From the previous equations we can conclude that during a LLG fault, the
three symmetrical circuits are connected as follows:

51
Double Line to Ground Fault
 The circuit model that represents a LLG
fault can be drawn as shown in the
Figure:

 The circuit can be modified into a

simple circuit model as shown in the
Figure:
52
Double Line to Ground Fault
 Analyzing the circuit model that represent the Line-to-Line Fault:

 Using current division:

 NOTE: These are the sequence currents and the actual currents may be
calculated using the symmetrical values.
53
Double Line to Ground Fault
 The sequence voltages are:

 Or in matrix form:

 NOTE: These are the voltages at the LLG point. The voltages at other
locations in the system (during the LLG) should be computed by analyzing the
sequence circuits.
54
Note:
 During Double Line to Ground Fault we can conclude the following:

1. These are the voltages at the LLG fault point. The voltages at other locations in the system
(during the LLG fault) should be computed by analyzing the sequence circuits.

2. If the fault impedance Zf = 0, then the double line to ground fault can be presented as follows:

55
Example 6.6:
 Draw the sequence circuits for the network when a double line to ground fault
occurs at bus 3.

MVA kV X+ X– X0
G1 100 11 0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 100 11 0.20 0.20 0.05
T1 100 11/220 0.06 0.06 0.06
T2 100 220/11 0.07 0.07 0.07
Line 100 220 0.10 0.10 0.30 56
Solution:

57
Example 6.7:
 A 50 MVA, 11 kV, 3 Phase generator was subject to different faults. The fault
currents were as indicated in the table. The generator’s neutral is solidly grounded
and the fault impedance is ignored. Find the per unit values of the three sequence
reactances of the generator (X0, X+ and X–).

Type of Fault Fault Current (A)

3 Phase Fault 1870
Line to Line Fault 2590
Single Line to Ground Fault 4130

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Solution:
 For a symmetrical fault:

 Therefore the positive sequence impedance is:

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Solution:
 For a Line to Line Fault:

 Therefore the negative sequence impedance is:

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Solution:
 For a Single Line to Ground Fault:

 Therefore the zero sequence impedance is:

61