SOUND

1. The form of energy possessed by a flying bird is ………..

2. Newton meter is the SI unit of ………….
3. Assertion – According to law of conservation of mechanical energy,
change in potential energy is equal and opposite to the change in
kinetic energy.
• Reason – Mechanical energy is not a conserved quantity.
(4) Define work.

• Explain different types of work with examples

• A force of 9N acts on an object. The displacement is , say 6m, in the
direction of the force. Let us take it that the force acts on the object
through the displacement. What is the work done in this case?
(5) Define kinetic energy.
a) Potential energy with examples.

• If we lift a body of 7 kg vertically upwards to a height of 10m,

calculate the work done in lifting the body.
 INTRODUCTION
• Have you heard the following sounds  - Sitar, Violin, Veena, your favorite
song playing in your iPod, temple bells, chirping of birds, vehicles horning
in traffic, dogs bark, pressure cooker whistling, crackers bursting, rattling
and breaking of objects etc. While some sounds may be pleasant and
soothing, some could be annoying. In this chapter, we will explore
more Sounds.
SOUND IS PRODUCED BY A
VIBRATING BODY
• Sound is always produced by a vibrating body. Sometimes, the
vibration is clearly visible and the sound is strong, whereas in some
cases, the vibration is small and the sound is feeble.
• The to and fro or back and forth motion of a body is termed
as vibration or oscillatory motion
• When a tuning fork is struck hard against a rubber ball, it vibrates
producing a sound.
• When the strings in a violin vibrates, it produces sound.
• When the diaphragm of a drum is struck, it vibrates and produces
sound.
SOUND CAN PROPAGATE THROUGH
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

• Sound can propagate through solids, liquids and gases. In fact, it needs

a medium to propagate.
• The matter or substance through which sound propagates is
called Medium.
• Sound can propagate through Solids: The doctor checks us using the
stethoscope. He can hear the sound from within our body because sound
travels through solids.
• Sound can propagate through liquids: In fact, this is how aquatic
animals communicate with each other.
SOUND CAN PROPAGATE
THROUGH GASES/AIR:
• This is the reason why we are able to hear a person standing near us
speak. Generally, air is the most common medium for sound
propagation.
SOUND CANNOT PROPAGATE
THROUGH VACUUM
• Sound cannot propagate through vacuum. Here is an experiment to
prove this.
• Take an airtight glass bell jar and an electric bell.
• Connect a vacuum pump to the bell jar.
• Suspend the bell inside the jar as shown
• Now ring the bell. The bell sound will be heard very clearly.
• Gradually start pumping out the air from the jar. Simultaneously, also ring
the bell. The bell sound becomes feebler and feebler as the air is
pumped out.
• When the air is completely pumped out, the sound will not be heard at all.
• This proves that sound does not travel through vacuum.
 PROPAGATION OF SOUND
• Sound waves move from the point of generation to the listener through the
medium.
• When an object vibrates and produces sound, the particles of the medium at the
point of generation begin to vibrate.
• This particle passes on the vibration to its adjacent/neighbouring particle.
The first particle comes back to its equilibrium position of rest. Then the
second particles passes its vibration to the neighbouring third particle and then
again comes back to its position of rest. This process continues until the
vibration reaches the listener and he is able to hear the sound.
• As we see, the actual particles of the medium don't travel from the point of
generation to listener. It is only the vibration that travels through the medium.
This is called Wave motion.
• A wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium when the particles of the
medium set neighbouring particles into motion. Since sound waves are
characterized by the motion of particles in the medium, they are Mechanical
Waves.
• Sound propagates in Compressions and Rarefactions.
• Compression : When a vibrating body moves forward, it pushes or
compresses the air ahead of it thereby creating a region of high pressure
and high density. These are called Compressions. They are represented by
the upper portion of the wave curve.(C)
• Rarefactions: When a vibrating body moves backward, it releases or
loosens the air ahead of it thereby creating a region of low pressure and
low density. These are called Rarefactions. They are represented by the
lower portion of the wave curve.(R)
• The peak of the wave is called Crest and valley of the wave is called
Trough.
• Sound waves are longitudinal waves. The individual particles of the
medium move in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the
disturbance. The particles do not move from one place to another but they
simply oscillate back and forth about their position of rest thereby
propagating only the disturbance from one place to another.