Environmental sanitation

Environment is defined as all two external

factors including living and non living materials
which surrounds man.

Sanitation is generally refers to the provision of

facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a
major cause of disease world wide and
improving sanitation is known to have a
significant beneficial impact on the maintenance
of hygienic condition, through services such as
garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
WHO
Environment sanitation as the control of
all those factors in man’s physical
environment which exercise a deleterious
effect on his physical development, health
and survival.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT:
Internal environment : It refers to each
and every component part, every tissue,
organ and organ system and their
harmonious functioning within the system.

External environment: all that which is

external to the individual human host.
External environment is divide into three
components:
Physical environment: It includes air, water ,
food , light, soil, ventilation etc
Biological environment; it includes bacteria,
virus, fungal, plant, animals, insects, rodents,
parasites etc
Social environment: It includes customs,
culture, habits, income, occupation, caste,
religion, education, economic status etc
 AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution worldwide is a growing threat
to human health and the natural
environment.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air
by the discharge of harmful substances.
Air pollution may be described as
contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous,
liquid, or solid wastes.
The air pollution problem is both
outdoors and indoors. Indoor air pollution
first came to our attention in the 1980s.
While outdoor pollution has been around
for a much longer time.
Indoor air pollution includes radon,
volatile organic compounds,
formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide.
Definition: Air pollution is an excessive
concentration of foreign matters in the air
which adversely affects the well being of an
individual or causes damages to property.
It refers to the presence of foreign materials
such as smoke, harmful gases, vapours and
fine particles in the atmosphere which are
harmful for human beings, animals,
buildings etc
Types of pollutants:
Primary pollutants are those gases or
particles that are pumped into the air to
make it unclean.
They include carbon monoxide from
organic automobiles exhausts and sulfur
dioxide from combustion of coal.
Secondary pollutants: in the air mix up
in a chemical reaction, they form an even
more dangerous chemical.

Sources of air pollution/ causes of air
pollution:
Industries: They are many industries which
emit various gases and particles matter.
1. Thermal power plant which produce sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ash particles.
2. Cement factories which produces cement
dust, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.
3. Steel plants which produce sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and particles.
Automobiles: In big cities the automobiles
are becoming one of the major sources of air
pollution because the number of vehicles are
increasing.
Chemical fertilizers: which are used to
increase agriculture production produce
pollutants like nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide,
ammonia and urea dust which pollute the air
in the community and neighborhood.
Combustion of coal, fuel oil and natural
gas: These are used in factories, power
plants, kitchens in some places etc.
Tobacco smoke: it released by smokers in
the households and public places pollute
the air of the houses and public places. It
produce nicotine which is very injurious to
health of the people.
Others: nuclear explosion, over population.
Control of air pollution:
Replacement: of coal and gas by
electricity will minimize air pollution. In
home smokeless chulha can be used.
Dilution: By growing vegetation and
plants between the industrial zone and the
residential areas pollution can be
minimized.
Sprinkling of population growth: on the
floor, prevent dust from raising into air. But
it is ever costly.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION:
Education of people:
Use smokeless chulhas
Legislation act : govt has taken strict
measures by passing suitable laws. Govt.gas
planned for industrial areas and steps are
taken to prevent air pollution by industries.
Avoid smoking
Location of industries, residential areas:
1. Proper planning of industries and housing
colonies.
2. Locate the plants in the outskirts of towns
and cities to avoid nuisances due to smoke
, gasses and dust.
3. Residential areas are planned to be away
from industries.
LIGHT
Good lighting is necessary for effective
vision. Imperfect light is one of the causes
of illness and accidents. It causes damage
to both the eyesight as well as physical
and mental ability.

Candle power is the standard

measurement of artificial lighting.
Light factors essential for effective vision:
Sufficiency: The lighting should be sufficient
to enable the eye to discern the details of the
objects as well as the surroundings without
eyestrain.
Distribution: The distribution of light should
be informed, having same intensity over the
whole field of work. If there are contrast
differences one light, it will strain the eyes
and affect adversely the visual acuity.
Absence of Glare: Glare is excessive
contrast. Ex: Automobile headlights at night
would not cause glare owing to the absence
of excessive contrast.
Absence of sharp shadows: Slight shadows
are inevitable, but sharp and contrasting
shadows and disturbing. Like glare, shadows
cause confusion to the eye and there should
not be present in field of vision.
Steadiness: One source of light should be
constant. It should be constant. It should not
flicker because flickering cause eye strain
and may be lead to accidents.
Color of light: one color of light is not very
important so long as the intensity is
adequate. Since natural light has a soothing
effect on the eye, artificial light is not very
important. One artificial light should as far
as possible approximate the daylight color.
Ventilation
Definition: As exchange of air between
indoor and outdoors. The ventilation will
control air, temperature, humidity and
purity.
 IMPORATANCE:
It will improve the health status both
physically and mentally.
It will prevents fatigue, loss of working
capacity, dizziness, loss of appetite,
insomnia.
Good system of ventilation improves the
knowledge.
TYPES OF VENTILATION:

Natural Ventilation

Artificial /mechanical ventilation

Natural Ventilation: Is the simplest system
of ventilating small dwelling, schools and
office.
The Wind : Is an active force in
ventilation. When it blows through a room,
it is called perflation. Doors and windows
facing each other provide cross ventilation.
Diffusion: Air passed through the smallest
openings.
Inequalityof temperature : Air flows
from high density to low density, it rises
when slightly heated and escapes from
openings provided high-up in the room.
Mechanical Ventilation: Types
Exhaust Ventilation
Plenum Ventilation
Balanced Ventilation
Air conditioning
Exhaust Ventilation: In this system, air is
extracted or exhausted to the outside by
exhaust fans usually driven by electricity. As
air is exhausted, a vacuum is created which
induces fresh air to enter the room through
windows, doors and other inlets.

Plenum ventilation: Fresh air is blown into

the room by centrifugal fans, so as to create
a positive pressure and displace the
ventilated air.
Balanced Ventilation: This is combination of the
exhaust and plenum system of ventilation.
Air conditioning: as simultaneous control of all
or at least the first three of those factors affecting
both the physical and chemical conditions of the
atmosphere within any structure. These factors
include temperature, humidity, air movement
distribution, dust, bacteria, odor and toxic gases.
Which affects in greater to lesser degree human
health and comfort.
Standards of ventilation:
Cubic space : A supply of 3000 cubic feet
air per person per hour.
Floor space: 5200 sq.ft per person
Air exchange: It is recommended that in
living rooms, there should be 2 or 3 air
exchange in one hour.
WATER
All living things must have water. Water is
very necessity to lead healthy life. Water
helps the man in many things.
It replaces loss of fluids from tissues
It maintains fluidity of blood and lymph
It helps in excretion of waste products
It acts as a vehicle of dissolving food
It helps in digestion and regulates body
temperature.
Characteristics of safe and wholesome
water
Free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemical substances
Free from color and odor
Useful for domestic purpose
 Water Requirements
To survive any individual basic requirement for
drinking water 35-40 gallons/day is adequate all
once.
PURPOSES:
Domestic : Water is required for cooking,
washing, bathing, personal cleanliness and
flushing latrine.
Community /public: cleaning streets. Washing
drains, swimming pool, fire fighting etc.
Industrial: important for industrial
purpose. It is also important in washing and
producing electricity, for processing and
cooling.
Agricultural: Growing plants, vegetables
need water to grow. No food can be raised
without water hence the availability of
water is very much important for
agriculture.
Business : Water is required for hostel,
hospital, Restaurants and dhobighats etc.
Water is essential for factor in the
socioeconomic, sociocultural development
of community and the country.
SOURCES OF WATER:
RAIN: It is main source of water, the rain
water sinks to ground water.
Surface water: The rain reaches to the
surface it is surface water, eg: lake,
river,tanks, ponds
Ground water: 2 types
1. Well water
2. Springs
WELLS
Shallow well: it tapes the subsoil water
from above the first impervious layer in the
ground.
Deep well: Deep well which tapes the
water from below the first impervious layer
the ground.
Artesian well: Water in between first and
second impervious layer.
Springs
When the ground comes to the surface
and flow freely under natural pressure is
called springs.
Shallow spring: Present from first
impervious layer.
Deep spring: below impervious layer
Thermal spring: After volcanic eruption
the spring will form that is thermal spring.
Water Pollution
It is a serious health problems due to
increase in number of industries and
because of urbanization.
Pollute means contamination with
harmful or poisonous substances.
Definition: It is defined as the presence
of pollutants (organic, in organic or
biological) in water to such an extent that
it:
Reduce the quality of water
Makes unfit for drinking
Constitutes hazards to plants, animals and
human beings.
Water will be polluted because of
industrial waste , domestic waste and
sewage. These are affecting the physical
and chemical properties of water.
Causes of water pollution:
1. Sewage: The waste water from the house,
agricultural and industries directly mix
with the river water leads to water
pollution and also water borne diseases.
2. Industrial waste: like alcohol, sugar,
paper, cloth, water, chemicals, pump
fertilizers and insecticides are polluting the
water.
3. Agricultural waste: Excessive use of
fertilizers and insecticides not only
polluting the soil but also the waste sources.
4. Water borne diseases: Presences of
microorganisms like bacteria, virus,
protozoa, toxic substances leads to water
borne disease such as; Bacteria, virus,
helminthic, protozoa.
Bacterial: Cholera, diarrhea, desentry,
typhoid.
Virus: Infective hepatitis
Helminthic: Round worm, thread worm,
Guinea worm infection.
Protozoa: Amebiasis
Spirochetal: Weil’s diseases.