INTRODUCTION

TO PHILOSOPHY
OF THE HUMAN
PERSON

Teacher: JONATHAN E. ESQUEJO

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PRESENTATION TITLE

PHILOSOPHIE
S OF
EDUCATION
 PHILOSOPHY

“EDUCATION WITHOUT
PHILOSOPHY IS BLIND
AND PHILOSOPHY
WITHOUT EDUCATION IS
INVALID.”

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IDEALISM
P L AT O - FAT H E R O F I D E A L I S M
IDEALISM
- THE WORD IDEALISM SIGNIFIES TWO TERMS :
IDEA AND IDEAL.
- PLATO CONCEIVED OF IDEAS AS THE BASIS OF
HIS PHILOSOPHY.
HIS PHILOSOPHY OF IDEALISM WHICH
REPRESENTS MORE OF IDEAS CAN BETTER BE
KNOWN AS IDEALISM.
IT IS AN OLD PHILOSOPHY.
PRINCIPLES OF IDEALISM
- PRESENCE OF UNIVERSAL MIND.
- REGARDS MAN AS A SPIRITUAL BEING.
- THE WORLD OF IDEAS AND VALUES ARE
SUPERIOR THAN MATERIALISTIC WORLD.
- THE REAL KNOWLEDGE IS PERCEIVED IN MIND
NATURALISM
ROUSSEAU & ARISTOTLE
DEFINITION
- ACCORDING TO HAYWARD JOYCE,
NATURALISM IS A SYSTEM OF WHICH THE
SALIENT CHARACTERISTIC IS THE
EXCLUSION OF WHATEVER IS SPIRITUAL OR
INDEED, WHATEVER TRANCEDENTAL OF
EXPERIENCE IS.
 PRINCIPLES
1. CHILD CENTERED EDUCATION
2. EDUCATION AS THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE CHILD’S POWER AND CAPACITIES
3. NEGATIVE EDUCATION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
4. EDUCATION SHOULD BE BASED ON CHILD'S
PSYCHOLOGY
5. THE ROLE OF TEACHER SHOULD BE THAT OF
A GUIDE
 PRAGMATISM
CHARLES SAUNDERS PIERCE, WILLIAM JAMES AND JOHN DEWEY
 DEFINITION
ACCORDING TO ROSS, PRAGMATISM IS
ESSENTIALLY A HUMANISTIC PHILOSOPHY
MAINTAINING THAT MAN CREATES HIS
OWN VALUES IN COURSE OF ACTIVITY,
THAT REALITY IS STILL, IN MAKING AND
AWAITS ITS PART OF COMPLETION FROM
THE FUTURE
 PRINCIPLES
(A) MAN IS CONSIDERED AS ESSENTIALLY A BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANISM.
(B) KNOWLEDGE SHOULD BE EXPERIMENTALLY VERIFIED AND IT SHOULD BE USEFUL
TO THE LEARNER.
(C) PRAGMATISM HAS FAITH IN MAN'S CAPACITY TO SHAPE HIS DESTINY.
(D) THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE VALUES, ALL VALUES ARE RELATIVE. WHAT WORKS AS
USEFUL BECOMES A VALUE.
(E) ONLY THOSE THEORIES WHICH CAN WORK IN PRACTICAL SITUATIONS ARE TRUE.
(F) PRAGMATIST IS MORE CONCERNED WITH THE PRESENT AND IMMEDIATE FUTURE.
(G) PRAGMATISM ACCEPTS ONLY THE KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS EMPIRICAL, I.E., WHICH
CAN BE EXPERIENCED AT SENSORY LEVEL.
(H) ONLY THOSE IDEAS WHICH CAN BE REALIZED IN LIFE ARE REAL.
 REALISM
ARISTOTLE MODIFIED BY GEMORE, RUSSEL, JOHN WILD.
 DEFINITION
J.S. ROSS'S OPINION, "THE DOCTRINE OF REALISM
ASSERTS THAT THERE IS A REAL WORLD OF THINGS
BEHIND AND CORRESPONDING TO THE OBJECTS OF OUR
PERCEPTION".
ACCORDING TO BUTTER, "REALISM IS THE
REINFORCEMENT OF OUR COMMON ACCEPTANCE OF THIS
WORLD AS IT APPEARS TO US".
PERENNIALISM
.
 DEFINITION
PERENNIALISM WAS ORIGINALLY RELIGIOUS IN
NATURE, DEVELOPED FIRST BY THOMAS AQUINAS IN
THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY IN HIS WORK.
PERENNIALISM VALUES KNOWLEDGE THAT
TRANSCENDS TIME. THIS IS A SUBJECT-CENTERED
PHILOSOPHY. THE GOAL OF A
PERENNIALIST EDUCATOR IS TO TEACH STUDENTS TO
THINK RATIONALLY AND DEVELOP MINDS THAT CAN
THINK CRITICALLY.
 PRINCIPLES
 OLDEST AND CONSERVATIVE
 ROOTED IN REALISM
 RELIES ON THE PAST
ESSENTIALISM
 DEFINITION
ESSENTIALISM IS AN APPROACH ASSUMING THAT PEOPLE AND
THINGS HAVE NATURAL AND ESSENTIAL COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE INHERENT, INNATE AND
UNCHANGING. THUS, IT IS REGARDED AS
AN EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY.
WILLIAM BAGLEY, TOOK PROGRESSIVIST APPROACHES TO TASK
IN THE JOURNAL HE FORMED IN 1934. OTHER PROPONENTS OF
ESSENTIALISM ARE: JAMES D. KOERNER (1959), H. G. RICKOVER
(1959), PAUL COPPERMAN (1978), AND THEODORE SIZER (1985).
 PRINCIPLES
 ROOTED IN BOTH IDEALISM AND REALISM.
 SURFACED IN 1930S AND DEVELOPED INTO A MAJOR POSITION DURING
COLD WAR AND SPUTNIK ERA OF THE 1950S AND EARLY 1960S.
 FORMULATED BY WILLIAM BAGLEY AND LATER DEVELOPED BY ARTHUR
BESTOR AND ADMIRAL HYMAN RICKOVER.
 BELIEVE THAT THERE IS A COMMON CORE OF KNOWLEDGE THAT NEEDS
TO BE TRANSMITTED TO STUDENTS IN A SYSTEMATIC AND DISCIPLINED
WAY.
EXISTENTIALISM
 DEFINITION
EXISTENTIALISM IS A CATCH-ALL TERM FOR THOSE
PHILOSOPHERS WHO CONSIDER THE NATURE OF THE
HUMAN CONDITION AS A KEY PHILOSOPHICAL
PROBLEM AND WHO SHARE THE VIEW THAT THIS
PROBLEM IS BEST ADDRESSED THROUGH ONTOLOGY.
 • PRINCIPLES
EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE
NO INBORN HUMAN NATURE
CENTRE OF EXISTENCE IS MAN RATHER THAN TRUTHS, LAWS
MAN IS THE MAKER & MASTER OF THE CULTURE
MAN IMPOSES A MEANING ON HIS OR HER UNIVERSE.
WE ARE BORN AND EXIST & THEN WE OURSELVES FREELY DETERMINES OUR
ESSENCE.
RECONSTRUCTIONISM/
CRITICAL THEORY
 DEFINITION
RECONSTRUCTIONIST EDUCATORS FOCUS ON A
CURRICULUM THAT HIGHLIGHTS SOCIAL REFORM
AS THE AIM OF EDUCATION. THEODORE
BRAMELD (1904-1987) WAS THE FOUNDER OF
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM, IN REACTION
AGAINST THE REALITIES OF WORLD WAR II.
 • PRINCIPLES
CRISIS PHILOSOPHY APPROPRIATE FOR A SOCIETY IN
CRISIS
PROGRESSIVISM
 DEFINITION
PROGRESSIVISTS BELIEVE THAT TEACHERS SHOULD
FOSTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLE CHILD
THROUGH HANDS-ON LEARNING, EXPERIMENTATION
AND PLAY. THOUGHT LEADERS IN
THIS EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY INCLUDE: JOHN
DEWEY, WILLIAM H. KILPATRICK, MARIA MONTESSORI,
AND RUDOLPH STEINER.
 PRINCIPLES
 CONTEMPORARY REFORM MOVEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL,
SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL AFFAIRS.
 DEWEY VIEWED THE SCHOOL AS A MINIATURE DEMOCRATIC
SOCIETY IN WHICH STUDENTS COULD LEARN AND PRACTICE THE
SKILLS AND TOOLS NECESSARY FOR DEMOCRATIC LIVING.
ECLECTISM
 DEFINITION
ECLECTICISM IN PHILOSOPHY IS THE CONSTRUCTION
OF A SYSTEM OF THOUGHT BY COMBINING ELEMENTS
OF THE ESTABLISHED SYSTEMS OF A PREVIOUS AGE.
THE TERM 'ECLECTICISM' IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK
VERB EKLEGEIN / EKLEGESTHAI: TO PICK OUT,
CHOOSE, OR SELECT.
 PRINCIPLES
 POOLING ALL THE GOOD AND RELEVANT FEATURES
FROM DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
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