Impact of

Terminal
Operation on the
efficiency of Ship
Operation

Marine Terminal Operation

Research 1
OBJECTIVE

 Identify and discuss the different stages or process of

port time.

 Explain how the different stages port terminal

operations can impact the efficiency of ship operation.

 Discuss what marine terminals can to reduce time

spent at port terminals by boosting ship operation
efficiency.

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  According to Raunek (2020) a marine terminal refers to a stop or station for
ships and boats, it also forms a part of the port where goods and cargo can be
loaded into a ship and unloaded in case a ship comes to the port.

 According to Raunek (2020) marine terminal activities are important to

handle and transship freight or passengers since modes are physically

OVERVIEW separated

 As the saying goes “time is money and money is time”. It is essential that
port time is reduced at terminals as low as possible. This is so because
demurrage may come in effect.

 Demurrage a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship on failure to

load or discharge the ship within the time agreed.

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WAITING TIME

A charterer and a ship-owner agreeing on a time of arrival does not necessarily mean that a given port is ready to
take in the vessel at that time. Waiting time is refereed to as the time in which the vessels spends waiting to for
berthing to be available

Activities that occur during wait time

 Before a ship is considered to be ‘arrived’ at a port this is what will take place, according to (Gard, n.d)

 Lay time may commence

 Notice of readiness is tendered

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WAITING TIME CONT’D

How Waiting Time Impact Ship Operations?

According to Kumara (2003)

 Productivity is measuring the box-handling rate per hour or total time spent at a port.

 Ship’s waiting time play a significant effect on the turn around time spent for a port terminal

 Longer waiting time decrease productivity of the vessel

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WAITING TIME CONT’D

How Waiting Time Impact Ship Operations?

According to Kumara (2003)

 Productivity is measuring the box-handling rate per hour or total time spent at a port.

 Ship’s waiting time play a significant effect on the turn around time spent for a port terminal

 Longer waiting time decrease productivity of the vessel

Causes:

 crane intensity, gross crane productivity

 Berth productivity

 Number of quay cranes

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WAITING TIME CONT’D
Methods to Reduce Waiting Time

According to Moon & Woo (2014):

Waiting and queuing times at berthing area of port container terminals are the biggest problem that port managers
encounter as it influence the port terminal attractiveness as it increases the time vessels send at ports

 Ship waiting time at port terminals can be reduced by increasing berth availability and cargo handling capacity

 Implementing toll scheme aimed at ships adjusting their arrival time and speed in order to arrive at the berthing area
on time

 To solve the queuing problem in tug operations, the number of Tug/Pilot machines should be increased.

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MANEUVERING TIME
Maneuvering Activities
It is essential before starting any maneuver, to fully understand the effects of the wind, tide, state of the ship’s trim,
draft and freeboard, the ship’s equipment and maneuvering aides etc. along with the assistance received from tugs.

 Turning the ship

 Surging, stopping and accelerating

 Maintaining/varying its course or direction

 Maintaining a desired path/trajectory

 To promptly veer about an object (ship, iceberg, landmass, reef etc.) without costing much in time

 Berthing the ship

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MANEUVERING TIME CONT’D

How does maneuvering affect ship operation?

 One such way Maneuvering time may affect the ships’ operation is by decreasing the level of productivity as
this prohibits the work flow from running smoothly

 Can increase the ports turn around time if it isn’t performed efficiently, increasing the time the vessels stays
decreasing overall port terminal productivity

 Lay time to can also start under port charter party.

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MANEUVERING TIME CONT’D

What improvements can be made to improve overall ship operations ?

 Maneuvering time is how long it takes a vessel after entering a country’s coastal waters to cross several ships
on the way, and proceeds towards or departs from a berth of a port. A number of steps can be taken to shorten
this process of maneuvering the ship in order to continue to the next steps in the shipping process.

 Steps to be taken :

 Quicker customs and immigration services

 Better streamlined process for a clean healthy bill of the vessel by the terminal

 Faster response from the marine pilot

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BERTHING TIME

Brief description of what occurs during this process

 Cargo handling

 Refuel

 Inspection

 Cleared to depart

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PRODUCTIVE TIME
Brief description of productivity time

 Productivity time is essentially how efficient a terminal and vessel are with loading and unloading operations
at a terminal

 Is very critical to saving all parties money in the shipping industry by ensuring lay time is met at the terminal.

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PRODUCTIVE TIME CONT’D
The effects of terminal productivity on ship operation
According to Port Technology, (2015):

 An increase in productivity will definitely improve the quality service provided by the terminal to the vessel and
its operations.

 Terminal productivity will enhance fast turnaround time for vessels.

 There is a general consensus that productivity can be greatly improved with the help of certain tools and
initiatives, such as carrier-terminal collaboration, which can be a win-win situation for ports and shipping lines if
joint-planning is implemented as a way of optimizing cargo flows from end-to-end.

 When a carriers and terminals do something concrete to collaborate, it has a significant impact on vessel turn-
around times and adaptability to operational changes.
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PRODUCTIVE TIME CONT’D

What improvements can be made to maximize on productivity time to future help ship

operation.

 Improvement in Technology- Automation

 Measure productivity at the terminal

 Careful attention to operational details

 Improvement in cargo handling equipment

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IDLE TIME
What is Idle Time?

According to International shipping news., (2018) idle time refers to a period when there is

a disruption/delay in the regular operations of a vessel when it arrives or departs a specific port

such as delay to enter port and delay in unloading or loading process. Idle time can be broken

down into three main groups:

 Idle time from port to berth

 Idle time after berthing

 Idle time after terminal operations

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IDLE TIME CONT’D

How does idle time affect ship operation?

Hellenic Shipping News (2018) explains a few conditions which contributes to the idle time at the port
or terminal which leads to the ship losing money, these conditions are:

 Port or Terminal Congestion

 Weather related delays

 Terminal Facilities delays

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IDLE TIME CONT’D

What improvements can be made to reduce idle time facilitate a more efficient ship operation

 Optimize the workflow of crew members and stevedores

 Keep the equipment of the ship and terminal in good shape and make sure that they are serviced regulary.

 Improve information flow.

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 SUMMARY
 Marine terminal refers to a stop or station for ships where
goods and cargo can be loaded into a ship and unloaded in
case a ship comes to the port.

 Marine terminals can decrease ship efficiency increasing the

vessel’s turn around time at port terminals.

 It is essential that port time is reduced at terminals as low as

possible. This is so because demurrage may come in effect.

 Demurrage a charge payable to the owner of a chartered

ship on failure to load or discharge the ship within the time
agreed.

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THANK
YOU!

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 REFRENCES

 Daniel Seong-Hyeok Moon & Jong Kyun Woo (2014) The impact of portoperations on efficient ship operation from
both economic and environmental perspectives,Maritime Policy & Management: The flagship journal of
international shipping and port research,41:5, 444-461, DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2014.931607

 Hellenic Shipping News. (2018, August 21). Reducing idle time with collaboration and data sharing | Hellenic
shipping news worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/reducing-idle-time-with-
collaboration-and-data-sharing/

 Idle time - Definition, causes, and how to reduce it. (2020, June 19). Retrieved from
https://limblecmms.com/blog/idle-time/

 Kumara. (2003). Analysis of the optimization of berth allocation. Retrieved from

https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1311&context=all_dissertations

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 REFRENCES

 Notice of readiness and the commencement of laytime. (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from
http://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/28079194/notice-of-readiness-and-the-commencement-of-laytime

 Reducing idle time with collaboration and data sharing | Hellenic shipping news worldwide. (2018, August 21).
Retrieved from https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/reducing-idle-time-with-collaboration-and-data-

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