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ELEVATORS
PRESENTED BY: ENGR. SAHAB HAFEEZ
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What are Elevators?

 Moves people or goods between

floor of a building powered by
motors, wires and hydraulics.

(a) Elevator moving goods (b) Elevator moving people

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Types of Elevators

There are three types of elevators based on the

function:
a. Passenger elevators (transportation of
passengers)
b. Service elevators (used to carry goods along
with people)
c. Goods elevators (persons for helping with the
loading and unloading of the goods)

Service Elevator
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Types of Elevators

The types of elevators based on the working mechanism are:

1. Traction elevators

2. Hydraulic elevators

3. Machine-room-less (MRL) elevators

4. Vacuum home elevators

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Traction Elevators

Traction elevators are lifted using ropes

that pass over a wheel connected to an
electric motor. The wheel for this
arrangement is usually placed in the
machine room for the building on the
highest floor. A counterweight is added to
make the elevators more efficient by
offsetting the weight of the car and the
occupants. Traction elevators are used for
floor levels up to 2000 feet.

Traction Elevator
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Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators employ a piston at the

bottom of the elevator to push it to different
levels. This type of lift has a slower
mechanism compared to traction elevators.
Hydraulic elevators are used for low-rise
applications (2-8 stories).

Hydraulic Elevator
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Machine-room-less (MRL) Elevators

MRL elevators can be traction or hydraulic elevators

that do not require a dedicated machine room above the
elevated shaft. Here, the machine sits in the override
space. For any maintenance and repairs, the unit is
accessed from the top of the elevator cab. 

MRL Elevator
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Vacuum home Elevators

Vacuum elevators do not use any cables or

pulley systems to operate. Instead, this
elevator is a tube in a sealed vacuum
arrangement operated by controlling air
pressure. These are mostly used for
residential applications for single to three
passenger models (wheelchair accessible
models).

Vacuum elevators
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Traction Elevators

Traction Elevators are consisted of three

parts:
 Headroom
 Travel
 Pit
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Components of Traction Elevator

There are 13 key components of Traction Elevator which

are given below:
 Machine room
 Driving machine
 Controller
 Motor-generator
 Speed Governor
 Suspension ropes
 Car roller guides
 car
Traction Elevator Components
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Components of Traction Elevator

 Travelling cable
 Counterweight guide rail
 Hoist way
 Counter weight
 Buffers
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Components of Traction Elevator

Machine Room:
 Consisted of control panel, drive unit and motor. It is
placed on above shaft on very top floor.
 We have also machine room less elevators in which it is
compressed in machine room.
Driving Machine:
 The Driving machine used to refer to the collection of
components that raise or lower the elevator. These
include the drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit,
sheaves and encoders.
Driving machine Machine Room
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Components of Traction Elevator

Controller:
An Elevator controller is a system to control the
elevators, either manual or automatic. The
controller usually tune down the voltage between
12V to 24V to the controlling system, Only the
motor needs 3-phase power supply.
Motor-generator: Motor generator Controller

Its primary purpose is to convert a building's

alternating current (AC) electricity supply
into direct current (DC) for powering the DC
hoisting machine and controller of the elevator.
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Components of Traction Elevator

Speed Governor:
If elevator runs more than the speed limit, the speed governor
controls the speed. Some governors are mechanical and some are
electromechanical and if necessary causes the safety gear to be
applied.
Suspension ropes:
Elevator ropes are highly engineered and made of steel with other
Suspension ropes Speed governor
composites. Also they are not single wires but several strands of
various sizes wrapped together. A typical cable or rope can have
over 150 strands of wire precisely designed to be strong, flexible,
and give long service.
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Components of Traction Elevator

Car roller guides:

Roller guides travel along hoistway rails to keep your elevator car
properly aligned as it moves up and down in the hoistway. They help
smooth your elevator's ride by absorbing vibration, much the way the
shock absorbers in an automobile's suspension help it glide over
bumps in the road.
Car:
a compartment which carries people from floor to floor in a building
via a vertical shaft.
Elevator car Roller guides
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Components of Traction Elevator

Travelling cable:
Traveling cable (either flat type or circular-liked type)
is a cable that is used for power transmission to the
elevator car, and communication between the controller,
and the elevator car.
Counterweight guide rail:
The guide rail is what allows for the safe and precise
movement of the car and counterweight. This rail offers a
path for the elevator to ascend and descend. Counterweight guide rail Travelling cable
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Components of Traction Elevator

Hoist way:
A hoistway or shaft way is an enclosed area that is used to
house the elevator as it travels between levels in your home.
This area will run vertically from the lowest floor to the top
floor. The hoistway should always be built to meet local
codes and to the elevator manufactures specifications.
Counter weight:
A counterweight is a weight that, by applying an opposite
force, provides balance and stability of a mechanical system. Hoist way Counter weight
The purpose of a counterweight is to make lifting the load
faster and more efficient, which saves energy and is less
taxing on the lifting machine.
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Components of Traction Elevator

Buffers:
The purpose of elevator buffers is to provide protection
against the malfunction of an elevator control system
resulting in the elevator continuing to travel past the
lowest stop to the base of the elevator shaft. The
buffers are specified in accordance with the operating
velocity and mass of the elevator.

Elevator buffers
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Elevators installation

 First of all lift proper size is measured on site.

 Then install scaffolding for wooden rafts
 Then shelf is installed.
 Measurements is finalized with laser tape
 Another shelf is installed in a pit.
 With the help of nuts and bolts, install guide rail and brackets.
 Install bearing beam and motor.
 First of all install a shelf and place the cabin car on it.

Elevator Installation
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Elevators installation

 Install speed governor and its tension device.

 After whole process scaffolding is removed.
 Install the counter weight systems.
 For safety of counter weight and cabin, safety buffers are installed.
 Install the compensation device to cabin and counter weight.
 Install electrical equipment's in detail.
 Install adjacent cables with it.
 Install the limiting devices for smooth lifting mechanism.
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Elevators installation

 Install the landing doors.

 Finally buttons are installed for landing operation.
 At the ending testing is done on slow speed and then shift it to fast speed. Inspection is
done in detail.
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Elevators EN-81
Safety Standards
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List of significant hazards

 According to En-81 standards, we can divide the list of hazards into three phases:

1) Mechanical Hazards

2) Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design

3) Hazards associated with the environment in which the machine is used.

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Mechanical Hazards

 Crushing, shearing, drawing-in, slip, trip and fall of person

Mechanical hazards
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Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design

 Inadequate local lighting, unhealthy postures, human error and behavior and
abnormal conditions.
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Hazards associated with the environment in which the machine is used.

 Failure of the power supply and control circuit, unexpected start-up and overrun and
restoration of energy supply after an interruption
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Terms and definitions of safety devices

Apron: smooth vertical part extending downwards from the sill of the landing or car
entrance.
Buffer: a resilient stop at the end of travel, and comprising a means of braking using fluids or
springs
Counterweight: mass which ensures traction
drive control system: system controlling and monitoring the running of the lift machine
electric safety chain: the total of the electric safety devices connected in series
guide rails: the rigid components which provide guiding for the car, the counterweight or the
balancing weight
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Terms and definitions of safety devices
instantaneous safety gear: a safety gear in which the full gripping action on the guide rails
is almost immediate
instantaneous safety gear with buffered effect: a safety gear in which the full gripping
action on the guide rails is almost immediate, but the reaction on the car, counterweight or
balancing weight is limited by presence of an intermediate buffering system.
Levelling: an operation which improves the accuracy of stopping at landings.
machine room: a room in which machine or machines and/or the associated equipment are
placed
 over speed governor: a device which, when the lift attains a predetermined speed,
causes the lift to stop, and if necessary causes the safety gear to be applied.
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Terms and definitions of safety devices

safety rope: an auxiliary rope attached to the car, the counterweight or balancing weight for the
purpose of tripping a safety gear in case of suspension failure.
The safety brake: If the cable brake, the hooks sprung outward and jammed into metal teeth in
the guide rail, locking the car safely in position.
The safeties: Located on the elevator car itself, the safeties grab the hoist way rails when
activated.