Grammar

ISSU
ES
1. Units realizing adverbial functions
2. Classes of adverbials
3. Adjuncts
4. Disjuncts
5. Conjuncts
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite

E.g.: I have clause
never been there.

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases E.g.: INon-finite

saw her last week.
clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases E.g.: She sat in aclause

Verbless dark corner.
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone

at theNoun phrases
window table. Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional
infinitive Verb less-ed
-ing participle clause
phrases participle
He plays to win. Seeing Tom, she Whenever left alone,
smiles. he cried.
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS Integrated in clause structure

DISJUNCTS
Peripheral in clause structure
CONJUNCTS
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 1. can’t appear initially in a negative
declarative clause.
DISJUNCTS
E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.

CONJUNCTS
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in an alternative
DISJUNCTS
interrogation (as focus of clause

CONJUNCTS interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
DISJUNCTS
(as focus of clause negation)

CONJUNCTSE.g. We didn’t hate him because of

his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 1. can appear initially before a
negative clause in most cases
DISJUNCTS
E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.
CONJUNCTS (disjunct)
Therefore, he couldn’t come.
(conjunct)
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
2. cannot be contrasted with
DISJUNCTS another adverbial in alternative
interrogation.
CONJUNCTS
3.cannot be focus of clause
negation
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
Can serve as a response to an Y-N
DISJUNCTS
question.
E.g.: A: Will he be there?
B: Yes, probably.

CONJUNCTS
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1
3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form

or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
 John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.
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1
3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.

E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for
longer).
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1
3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.

E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.
4. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.
E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.
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1
3 Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

1. Can constitute a comparative construction

E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.

2. Have premodifying “however”

E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious

in the way you talk.

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1
3 Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

3. Have premodifying “how”

E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly he drives!
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.
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1
3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject
place
time
others
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1
3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
+ = ‘if we consider what we
focusing are saying from a [adj. phrase]
intensifier point of view’
TYPES OF + usually in initial position
ADJUNCTS process
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
subject Vietnam is a diverse country.

place Business-wise, it’s not a good

idea to open a fast food
time restaurant in this area.
others
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1
3 Adjuncts
limiters
viewpoint
focusing exclusives
alone, just, only, purely, simply
intensifier
TYPES OF particularizers
ADJUNCTS process
chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.
subject additives
place also, either, even, neither, nor, too,
time as well as, in addition

others
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1
3 Adjuncts

viewpoint emphasizers
focusing clearly, definitely, etc.
maximizers
intensifier amplifiers completely, etc.
TYPES OF boosters
ADJUNCTS process
by far, well, etc.
subject downtoners
compromisers kind of, quite, etc.
place
diminishers partly, slightly, etc.
time a bit, barely, etc.
minimizers
others approximators almost, nearly, etc.
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1
3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing + = in that way/ that way
+ favor final conditions
intensifier
TYPES OF + co-occur with dynamic verbs,
ADJUNCTS process
not stative verbs
subject
E.g.: They live frugally.
place Tear gas indiscriminatively
time sprayed on the protesters.

others
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1
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
focusing manner
intensifier E.g.: They walked in single file.
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process means
subject E.g.: I go to school by car.

place instrument
time E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

others
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2
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
focusing
general
intensifier
TYPES OF With great unease, they elected him as
ADJUNCTS process their leader.

subject volitional
place deliberately, intentionally, on purpose,
willingly, with reluctance, etc.
time
formulaic
others please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.
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3
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1
viewpoint + denote position, direction,
movement, and passage
focusing + most are prepositional phrases;
intensifier adverb phrases and noun phrases
TYPES OF used frequently
ADJUNCTS process + used only with verbs of motions or
subject other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
place
E.g.: She works a long way from here.
time We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.
others
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4
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
direction
subject
I take the book from the shelf.
place She ran past the church.

position
time
I live in a small village.
others He is over there.
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/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject frequency

place
other relationships
time
others
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6
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
when
focusing
+ point of time
intensifier
TYPES OF E.g.: today,duration
tomorrow
ADJUNCTS process + boundary of time
E.g.: afterwards
frequenc
subject
y
place
other relationships
time
others
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/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
+ length of time
subject frequency
E.g.: briefly
place + from the preceding
other
point relationships
in time
time
E.g.: since
others
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/ 3 Adjuncts
2
+ indefinite
1 viewpoint - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
when
focusing - continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
intensifier - high: E.g.:duratio
often
TYPES OF
process - low/zero: occasionally,
n never
ADJUNCTS
subject frequency

place + definite
other relationships
- period: E.g.: daily
time
- number: E.g.: twice
others
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/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject frequency

place
other relationships
time
first, next, then, still, yet, already, etc.
others
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0
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1 viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF + expressing purpose, cause, reason,
ADJUNCTS s
procseosurce or origin
suEb.jge.c: He took the book from me.
placeThe
t symbolically buried the car
as a protest against pollution.
time
others
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1
/ 3 Adjuncts
2
1
RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS

1. In final position: process – place - time

E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).
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DISJUNC
4 TS
DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts
Most disjuncts are prepositional
phrases or clause
Attitudinal disjuncts
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DISJUNC
4 TS
DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts • convey the speaker’s comment on

the form of what he is saying,
Attitudinal disjuncts defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of
her. Very frankly, I am tired.
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DISJUNC
4 TS
DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on
Attitudinal disjuncts the content of what he is saying
• generally appear only on

declarative clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.
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5
5 Conjuncts

CONJUNCTS

MOST CONJUNCTS ARE ADVERB PHRASES OR .1

.PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

.THE NORMAL POSITION FOR MOST CONJUNCTS IS INITIAL .2

CONJUNCTS
tone unit. OFTEN HAVE A SEPARATE .3
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Infer ential

first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing,
Equativething; for a start, to begin with, next, then…
for another Refor
mulatory

Transitional
Replacive

Summative
Antithetic Temporal transition
Apposition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative rmulatory
also, furthermore,
Refo moreover, in addition, above all,
what is more, then (informal), etc. eplacive
Transitional R
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulator
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same
y way, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative by the way, incidentally, etc.Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulato y
then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum
r up, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
namely, in other words, for instance,
Transitional
that is, that is to say, for example, etc. Replacive
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential
consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative ry
else, otherwise,
Reformulato then, in other words, in that case, etc.
Tran
sitional
Summative
Replacive Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive
better, rather, in other words, etc.
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing
Inferential
alternatively, rather,
Equative on the other hand, etc.Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast,
by comparison, on the other hand, etc.
Transitional Replac ve
i
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing
Inferential
tive ry
Reformulato
Equa anyhow, anyway, besides, else,athowever, still
Trans
nevertheless, yet, in any case, any rate, after all
in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same,
itional etc.
Replacive
Summative Antithetic

Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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5
5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative
meantime, meanwhile, in the meanAntithetic
time, etc.
Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition