Cours 5 - BMI3 - Qual Vs Quant

Bachelor
Management
International
« Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le

consentement de l’auteur (…) est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l’article 40 de la loi du
11 mars 1957 )
© Tous droits réservés - All rights reserved - 2022
Research Methods
Diana EL NEMR
© Tous droits réservés - All rights reserved - 2022 EM Normandie Business School
Data reporting and managerial
implications
Report writing in research
 The bachelor thesis consists of writing a scientific essay about a

business topic.
 In this document, you describe the process and findings of a research.
 It outlines the systematic investigation, recommendations, and gaps

that need further inquiry.
 Through the thesis, you can communicate effectively with the
findings of the research. It contributes to the existing knowledge.
 It identifies knowledge gaps that can be investigated further.
 It allows you to show research information in a concise and precise

way.
Structure of the final document
 Introduction: general introduction to the research topic, expected

outcomes and presentation of the writing plan of the thesis.
 Literature review: highlight the most relevant scholarly articles and

existing knowledge about the topic and key words
 summarize pertinent and up to date articles to define the main concepts and to
explain the research issue of the thesis,
 discuss arguments in favor and arguments against the research issue, and
 provides examples and details on how the research issues is expected to be resolved.
 Statement of Research assumptions and/or hypotheses: present some
assumptions and/or hypotheses and its implications.
 Suggested methodology: suggest methods of data collection, data analysis and

hypotheses testing.
 Write in-depth information about the research methodology proposed, data collection,
sample, and tools to be used (questionnaire, interview guide, etc).
 Conclusion: provides a summary of the research issue exposed, of the literature

review and of the suggested testing methodology
 Bibliography: provide a list of all the references cited within the text of the
thesis. References must follow the Harvard style.
The evaluation is split into two sections:
 The quality of the final thesis submitted (80% of the final score)
 A video presentation (3-min max) of the main key-points of the thesis

(20% of the final score)
Bibliography
 Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas,
figures, from another published work.
 Citations are a short way to uniquely identify a book, an article, a chapter or a web site. They are
found in bibliographies and reference lists.
 Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and
track down publications, including:
 author name(s)
 titles of books, articles, and journals
 date of publication
 page numbers
 volume and issue numbers (for articles)

So what you must cite?
 Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common knowledge
 Ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another person used in

other publications
 Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters, articles,

web pages, theses, etc.
 Another person's exact words should be quoted and cited to show proper
credit
Why citation of sources is important?
 Citation enables to verify the relevance of your research:

 Accuracy is all important in any writing
 References serve as a verification tool
 Citation give credit to researchers and authors:

 Respect copyrights and giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas
 A good bibliography shows off your scientific knowledge

 Bibliography allows you to confirm your knowledge, to identify the documents cited,
and to verify the relevance of the research.
In-text citing
 Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and

which style was used to create them.
 Harvard in-text citation requires that you cite in brackets the name of
the creator of the work, and the date of publication.
 When the authors name forms part of the sentence:

 Brown (2013) states that the key …….
 When the source is attributed but the authors name does not form part
of the sentence:
 Extensive research (Brown, 2013) indicates that…..
 When citing a direct quote, you must include page numbers:

 The possibility has been said to be “beyond the limits of our society’s
understanding” (Brown, 2013, p.23).
 When citing the same article or book as the previous citation, you can
(if you want) use 'ibid.', and if the page number is different include it:
 ... according to Brown (ibid., p.24).
 If the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all
of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by
the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’).
 The results showed…(Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007)
 If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another
author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference.
 The Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite the
source you did consult as you did not actually read the original document.
 Include the words ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation to indicate this.
 Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’ memory can be
as good as that of young people…
 (Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)
 A bibliographic reference is a complete description that reflects the
identity of a document (author, title, year of publication, etc.)
 Writing a bibliographic reference consists of presenting these elements

(which describe a document) in a defined order with a particular
typography and linked by standardized punctuation.
 You must provide a list of the references that you have cited, formatted in
the Harvard EM Normandie-style, and in alphabetical order by author, in a
bibliography at the end of your work.
Bibliographic reference of a book
 Name, Surname Author 1; Name, Surname Author 2 (Year of

Publication). Title of the book. Publisher’s City : Publisher’s Name.
 Boubaker, Sabri; Cumming, Douglas ; Nguyen, Duc Khuong (Eds) (2018).
Research handbook of investing in the triple bottom line: finance, society and
the environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Bibliographic reference of journal article
 Name, Surname Author 1; Name, Surname Author 2 (Year of

Publication). Article title. Title of the journal, Volume (issue number),
page numbers. Available at DOI of the article.
 Zoellner, Jan ; Schweizer-Ries, Petra and Wemheuer, Christin (2008). Public
acceptance of renewable energies: Results from case studies in Germany.
Energy policy, 36(11), pp. 4136-4141. Available at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.026
Bibliographic reference of a web page
 Name, Surname Author OR Name of the institution (Year of

Publication). Title of the webpage. Title of the website. Available from
URL of the webpage [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy].
 European Commission (2021). Article Processing Charges. Open

Research Europe. Available at https://open-research-
europe.ec.europa.eu/ [Accessed 14.09.2021].
Quiz
Exercise
 Bell, Judith (2010). Doing your research project. Maidenhead: Open University

Press. Book
 RotoBaller (2019). NFL player news. Available at

https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).
Web page
 Shakoor, Sania, et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory

of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x. Journal
Article
Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?
A researcher collects demographic data from her participants. She asks

participants for their city of birth. Which level of measurement is this?
Nominal - You cant rank , you cant order
She then asks participants to report the number of hours they spent
exercising in the past week. Which level of measurement is this? Ratio
– True zero
The researcher collects data on anxiety using the Beck Anxiety Scale.
In this scale, scores range from 0-44, but a score of zero simply means
low anxiety rather than a total lack of anxiety. Which level of
measurement is this? Interval – No true zero
The researcher asks participants to select their level of activity in

general from the following: sedentary, light physical activity, moderate
physical activity, or vigorous physical activity. Which level of
measurement is this? Ordinal Specific order
categorical data, qualitative data, quantitative data, or some combination of these?
 Mrs. Smith gave a test on which the maximum possible score was
100. The actual scores students received were 92, 87, 86, 85, 72, 70,
70, and 61. - Quantitative
 Mrs. Smith gave an exam on which one student received an A, three

students received B's, three students received C's, and one student
received a D. – Categorical and Qualitative
categorical data, qualitative data, quantitative data, or some combination of these?
 Mr. Lee ran 63 km last week. Quantitative
 Five students had blue backpacks, ten students had red backpacks,
and three students had green backpacks. Categorical and Qualitative
 Luisa's hair is reddish-blonde. - Qualitative
 Which of the two principal measurements results when analyzing
two variables by using correlational analysis?
 Mean and standard deviation
 Strength and direction
 Standard error and variance
 Direction and effect size
 Correlation coefficient is represented by "R"
 True
 False
 The correlation coefficient is a number "r" such that:

 -1 < r < 1
 -1 > r > 1
 -1 ≤ r ≤ 1
 -1 ≥ r ≤ 1
 Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
 .12
 -.24
 .39
 -.61
 A structured interview ______.
 means respondents can easily raise topics that reflect their way of seeing things
 means the researcher has the last word in choosing which questions to ask
 feels more like a conversation than a qualitative interview
 means exploratory data analysis cannot be used
 Self-completion questionnaires are ______.
 better than interviews
 cheaper than interviews
 better than interviews if open questions are to be asked
 the best way to reach people who do not have access to computers
 A group-administered questionnaire ______
 is a sensible approach when a sample is geographically widely dispersed
 involves a group of people giving out questionnaires
 is the same as a focus group
 involves giving a questionnaire to a group of people
 Contacting non-responders to remind them to fill in a
questionnaire ______.
 makes a survey invalid
 is unethical
 is likely to improve the honesty of answers
 is done in order to reduce error

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Bachelor

« Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le

 The bachelor thesis consists of writing a scientific essay about a

 In this document, you describe the process and findings of a research.

 It outlines the systematic investigation, recommendations, and gaps

 It identifies knowledge gaps that can be investigated further.

 It allows you to show research information in a concise and precise

 Introduction: general introduction to the research topic, expected

 Literature review: highlight the most relevant scholarly articles and

 Suggested methodology: suggest methods of data collection, data analysis and

 Conclusion: provides a summary of the research issue exposed, of the literature

 A video presentation (3-min max) of the main key-points of the thesis

 titles of books, articles, and journals

 volume and issue numbers (for articles)

 Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common knowledge

 Ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another person used in

 Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters, articles,

 Citation enables to verify the relevance of your research:

 References serve as a verification tool

 Citation give credit to researchers and authors:

 A good bibliography shows off your scientific knowledge

 Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and

 When the authors name forms part of the sentence:

 When citing a direct quote, you must include page numbers:

 Writing a bibliographic reference consists of presenting these elements

 Name, Surname Author 1; Name, Surname Author 2 (Year of

 Name, Surname Author 1; Name, Surname Author 2 (Year of

 Name, Surname Author OR Name of the institution (Year of

 European Commission (2021). Article Processing Charges. Open

 Bell, Judith (2010). Doing your research project. Maidenhead: Open University

 RotoBaller (2019). NFL player news. Available at

 Shakoor, Sania, et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory

A researcher collects demographic data from her participants. She asks

The researcher asks participants to select their level of activity in

 Mrs. Smith gave an exam on which one student received an A, three

 Mr. Lee ran 63 km last week. Quantitative

 Luisa's hair is reddish-blonde. - Qualitative

 Strength and direction

 Standard error and variance

 Direction and effect size

 The correlation coefficient is a number "r" such that:

 feels more like a conversation than a qualitative interview

 means exploratory data analysis cannot be used

 better than interviews

 cheaper than interviews

 better than interviews if open questions are to be asked

 is a sensible approach when a sample is geographically widely dispersed

 involves a group of people giving out questionnaires

 is the same as a focus group

 involves giving a questionnaire to a group of people

 is likely to improve the honesty of answers

 is done in order to reduce error

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