Physics Presentetion

Name :Rijvy Ahmed

ID :2226EEE00245
 Elastic properties of solids

Elasticity

 Linear Elasticity: In linear elasticity, the stress-strain relationship is linear, meaning that the
material's deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress. This type of elasticity is typically
observed in materials that are isotropic and homogeneous, such as metals and ceramics.

 Nonlinear Elasticity: Nonlinear elasticity refers to the behavior of materials whose stress-strain
relationship is not linear. This can be due to a variety of factors, such as the material's microstructure
or the magnitude of the applied stress. Nonlinear elasticity is commonly observed in materials that
are anisotropic, such as composites.

 Viscoelasticity: Viscoelastic materials exhibit both elastic and viscous behavior, meaning that they
can deform under stress and also dissipate energy over time. Viscoelasticity is typically observed in
polymeric materials, such as rubber, where the deformation behavior is highly dependent on the rate
of loading and the duration of the applied stress.
 Elasticity of solids

 Young's modulus (E): This measures the tensile elasticity of a material and describes how
much a material will stretch under tension. It is defined as the ratio of stress (force per unit
area) to strain (change in length per unit length) in the direction of the applied force.

 Shear modulus (G): This measures the rigidity or resistance of a material to shear
deformation. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress (force per unit area) to shear strain
(angular deformation per unit length) in the plane perpendicular to the applied force.

 Bulk modulus (K): This measures the volumetric elasticity of a material and describes how
much a material will compress under hydrostatic pressure. It is defined as the ratio of
hydrostatic stress (pressure) to volumetric strain (change in volume per unit volume).
 Coefficient of elasticity

Coefficients of elasticity are used to describe how much a material will deform or change shape when subjected to
a certain amount of force or stress.- Two common coefficients of elasticity are Young's Modulus (also known as the
Elastic Modulus) and the Shear Modulus.

 Young's modulus is a measure of a material's stiffness or resistance to being stretched or compressed in the
direction of an applied force.
 Shear modulus describes a material's resistance to being deformed by a force applied perpendicular to its
surface, such as when twisting or bending it.
 Bulk modulus is a measure of a material's resistance to being compressed uniformly in all directions.
 Laminar and turbulent flow

Laminar Flow

 Laminar flow is a type of fluid motion in which the fluid moves in smooth, parallel layers, with little or no mixing
between the layers.

 The motion of fluid in laminar flow is predictable and can be described by the Navier-Stokes equations.

 Laminar flow occurs at low velocities and low Reynolds numbers.

 In laminar flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant across any given cross-section of the flow, and there is little to
no
mixing of the fluid.

 Laminar flow is often seen in thin, viscous fluids such as oil or honey flowing through a tube.

 Laminar flow is less chaotic and less energetic than turbulent flow, and the pressure drop across a laminar flow
system is proportional to the flow rate.
 Turbulent Flow

 Turbulent flow is a type of fluid motion characterized by chaotic and unpredictable motion, with eddies
and vortices forming within the fluid.

 Turbulent flow occurs at high velocities and high Reynolds numbers.

 In turbulent flow, the velocity of the fluid varies significantly across any given cross-section of the flow,
and there is a significant amount of mixing and fluid exchange.

 Turbulent flow is often seen in large, fast-moving bodies of fluid such as rivers, oceans, and the
atmosphere.

 Turbulent flow is more chaotic and more energetic than laminar flow, and the pressure drop across a
turbulent flow system is proportional to the square of the flow rate.

 Turbulent flow can be modeled using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations or large eddy
simulation.