Energy

 Energy is the ability to do work.

 Things move and work because of energy.

 You can feel and see energy as light and heat from the

sun.

 You can feel and hear energy in the sound of the voices

of your teacher and classmates.

 LESSON 1
Heat and Light
Sources
• You can see things around you because of light. 
• Light is a form of energy that people and animals can see.
• The sources of light include the sun, candles, and
flashlights.
Things that give off light usually produce heat. 

Heat is a form of energy that is measured by temperature.

Things with high temperature have more heat.
They are said to be hot. Hot things include flatirons and the fire
from a stove.
Light and heat come from two
sources:
NATURAL SOURCES
AND ARTIFICIAL
SOURCES.
Natural Sources of Light
The sun is the most important natural source of light.
Living things need the sun to live.          
Two other natural sources of light are stars and some animals.
Among these animals are glowworms and fireflies. The bodies
of these insects have parts that produce light. They flash this
light to help them find mates.
The amount of light from stars and some insects is not
as felt as that from the sun. This is because stars are
billions of kilometers away from Earth, while very
small insects have very little light.
Natural Sources
• Natural sources are those that are not made by
people.
• They give off light and heat even without being
turned on or off.
Natural Sources of Heat

The sun is the main source of natural heat for Earth. Its heat
keeps living things warm, dries clothes, and can even be
made into electricity.
Other natural sources of heat are fuels, or things on Earth that
burn easily and give off heat. Wood and coal are examples of
fuels.

Wood comes from the trunk of trees. 

Coal is a brown or black rock that is formed from plants that lived
and died millions of years ago. When burned, wood and coal give
off heat that can be used to cook food or keep people warm.
Artificial Sources
Artificial sources of light and
heat are those that are made by
people. Among the artificial
sources of light are flashlights,
lightbulbs, and table lamps.
Among the artificial sources of heat are torches, flat
irons, and heaters.
TRY THESE YOURSELF

ALook at the object shown

in each picture below. If
the object gives off heat or
light, circle (---) the
picture. If it does not, put a
cross mark (✗) on the
picture.
Page. 333
Direction: Draw the items into the correct category.

Use Bond paper, crayons, ruler, and pencil.

HEAT AND
LIGHT
SOURCES
 Light and heat come
from two sources:
NATURAL SOURCES
AND ARTIFICIAL
SOURCES.
 NATURAL SOURCES
• Natural sources are those that are not made by
people.
• They give off light and heat even without being
turned on or off.
Natural Sources of Light

The sun is the most important natural

source of light. Living things need the
sun to live.          
Two other natural sources of light are stars and some animals.
Among these animals are glowworms and fireflies. The bodies
of these insects have parts that produce light. They flash this
light to help them find mates.
 Artificial Sources
Artificial sources of light and
heat are those that are made by
people. Among the artificial
sources of light are flashlights,
lightbulbs, and table lamps.
Among the artificial sources of heat are
torches, flat irons, and heaters.
 THE
BEHAVIOR
OF LIGHT
• Light always travels in a
straight line .
• When an object is placed in the
path of light and light strikes it,
light behaves in different ways.
• The behavior depends mainly on
the kind of material that light
strikes.
• Sometimes light produces
shadows as it interacts with
certain materials.
 Light interacts with
three kinds of materials:
• Transparent
• Translucent
• Opaque
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS
Transparent materials are those that
allow light to pass through them.
• When light strikes a transparent
material, almost all of it passes
directly through it.
.
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS
• Air, water, and clear glass are examples of
transparent materials.

water clear glass

Transparent Materials:
TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS

• Translucent materials are those

that allow some light to pass
through them.
TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS
• When light strikes a translucent material,
only some of the light passes through it.

• That is why when you look through a

translucent material, the objects on its other
side look blurred or unclear.
Frosted glass and some plastics are examples of translucent
materials.
 OPAQUE MATERIALS 
Opaque materials are those that
do not allow light to pass
through them.
 OPAQUE MATERIALS 
• Most of the light that strikes an
opaque material may be absorbed by
the material. It may also be reflected
to another material.
 OPAQUE MATERIALS 
• Bricks, book, wood, stone, and metal
are examples of opaque materials.
Light and Shadows
Do you remember how light
travels in a straight line or
path?
• When an object is in the way
of the light, the object will
form a shadow, or a dark
shape of the object cast on its
surrounding surface.
The position and shape of a shadow depends on the direction of the light
that struck it.
Look at the picture. The shadow of the bag falls to the right. This is
because the light striking the bag comes from the left. The shadow of the
bag would fall to the left if the light striking the bag would come from
the right.
TRY THESE YOURSELF
Read each sentence. Draw a happy face (      ) on the line if the sentence
is correct. Draw a sad face (      ) if it is wrong.
___________ 1 Light always travels in a straight line.
___________ 2 A shadow is formed when light passes through an object.
___________ 3 Light can pass through a blackboard.
___________ 4 Shadows never change in size.
___________ 5 Clear glass lets light pass through it.
___________ 6 A shadow’s position can change.
___________ 7 Shadows form opposite the source of light.
___________ 8 Things that are in the shade have shadows.
___________ 9 You can tell the time just by looking at a shadow.
___________ 10 You can make shadows with the use of your hands.
Look at each object. Then choose its shadow from the right. Circle (---)
the shadow.
Look at each picture. Tell the kind of material of the object that the light
strikes. Put a check mark (✔) in the correct box
Transparent Translucent Opaque

1
.

2.

3.
Transparent Translucent Opaque
TRANSPARENT TRANSLUCENT OPAQUE
 SOUND
ENERGY
What would happen if you move your fingers
down the strings of a guitar? What would this
action produce? Yes, you would make the
guitar sound.
Sound is energy that is produced when
something vibrates, or moves back and
forth. A guitar produces sounds when its
strings vibrate.
Sound travels through the air to
your ear in waves. These are
called sound waves. You
cannot see these waves. They
move through air, water, and
other solid objects. You hear a
sound when sound waves reach
your ears.
 KINDS OF
• SOUNDS
Sounds are everywhere.
• You can hear different kinds of sounds
wherever you go.
• You hear people talking to each other.
• You hear animal sounds.
 KINDS OF
•
•
SOUNDS
You hear the sound of different objects.
You hear them almost anywhere you go.
• This is because there are so many different
sounds: high, low, soft, or loud.
 HIGH AND LOW SOUNDS
• When objects vibrate fast, they make small
waves in the air. These create high sounds.

• When they vibrate slowly, they make longer

waves in the air. These result in low sounds.
 HIGH AND LOW SOUNDS
• For example, when you play a high note on
a guitar, the string for this note vibrates fast.
When you play a low note, the string for
this note vibrates slowly.
• The highness or lowness of a sound is
called its pitch.

• Examples of high pitches are the

sounds of whistles, wind chimes, and
chirping of birds.
• Low pitches include the croaking of
frogs and ticking of clocks.
• You also make a low-pitched sound
when you whisper to a classmate or
friend.
Pitches can come from both big or small objects.
High pitched sounds can come even from big
objects such as a jet taking off. They can also come
from small objects like the siren of an ambulance.
 On the other hand, small objects like clocks
can make low-pitched sounds. Bigger objects
like a race car driving at full speed can also
make low-pitched sounds.
 LOUD AND SOFT
SOUNDS

Sounds can also be soft or

loud.
 Loud sounds are produced
when vibrations have a lot of
energy and travel far.
 Notice how you can hear the sound
of a fire truck even when it is far
from you. The sirens of police cars
are also loud sounds.
Soft sounds have less energy and
do not travel far. You have to
move closer to a soft sound to
hear it.
The voice of a child and the
swaying of grass as the wind
blows are examples of soft
sounds.
TRY THESE
YOURSELF
A Tell if the sound described is loud or
soft. Write L if the sound is loud
or S if it is soft on the line.
___________ 1 a mother singing a lullaby to her baby
___________ 2 water dripping from a faucet
___________ 3 a helicopter preparing to land
___________ 4 thunder on a stormy night
___________ 5 a band marching in the streets
___________ 6 a father whispering to his daughter
___________ 7 a bird chirping in its cage
___________ 8 the horn of a bus on a busy street
___________ 9 a vendor selling balut
___________ 10 the movements of a nurse in a hospital
room
B Match the word in column A with its meaning in
column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on
the line.
___________ 1 sound wave a sound that is made by longer waves
___________ 2 pitch b a series of sounds traveling through air
___________ 3 vibrate c a series of sounds traveling through air
___________ 4 high sound d the highness or lowness of a sound
___________ 5 low sound e a series of sounds traveling through air
___________ 6 loud sound f sound that has less energy and travels slow
___________ 7 soft sound g sound that is made by small waves
___________ 8 sound h to move back and forth and make a sound
___________ 9 whisper i an example of a high-pitched sound
___________ 10 shout j an example of a low-pitched sound
LANDFOR
MS
Are you familiar with these places?
The Sahara Desert (top left), Mount
Everest (top right), Palawan
Underground River (bottom left),
and Niagara Falls (bottom right) are
some of the famous places in the
world. The upper pictures show
examples of landforms. The lower
pictures show examples of water
forms.
 Kinds of
Landforms
Earth has different land formations. The land part of the Earth
is made up of rocks and soil. Mountains, hills, valleys,
volcanoes, plateaus, deserts, and plains are examples of
landforms.
Mountains are high, rocky land areas with steep slopes
or sides. Mount Everest in Nepal is the highest mountain
in the world. Mount Apo in Davao is the highest
mountain in the Philippines.

Mount Apo
Hills are landforms that usually have rounded peaks.
They are lower and smaller than mountains. The
Chocolate Hills in Bohol is the most famous hill in the
Philippines.

Chocolate Hills
Volcanoes are mountains with an opening at their tip. They erupt
and release hot, molten rock called magma from the inner part of
Earth. Mayon Volcano in Bicol is known for its nearly perfect
slopes.

Mayon Volcano
Valleys are long, lowlying landforms between mountains or
hills. The Cagayan Valley in northeastern part of Luzon is
among the known valleys in the Philippines.

Valley
Plateaus are elevated landforms with flat surfaces. Baguio
City in Benguet Province is a highly urbanized plateau in the
Philippines.

Baguio City on a plateau

Deserts are landforms that are usually found in places with very hot climates.
They mainly consist of sand, gravel, and rocks. Deserts have very little or no
vegetation and less rainfall. These landforms have no permanent bodies of water.
The Sahara Desert in Africa is the hottest desert in the world. In Asia, one of the
major deserts is the Gobi Desert. It covers parts of China and Mongolia.

Gobi Desert
Plains are landforms that have flat surfaces. Plains are often
used for planting fruits and vegetables and constructing
houses, buildings, and roads. Central Luzon is a vast plain on
the island of Luzon.

Central Luzon Plains

Identify the following landforms. Choose the answer inside the word
bank.
mountains plains valley hills desert