Unit 5

Single Phase Synchronous Motors
&
Single Phase Commutator Motors
Unit: 5
Special Electrical Machines
B Tech 6th Semester
Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5

1
06/14/2023
CONTENT [Unit-5]
 Single phase synchronous motor;
 construction, operating principle and characteristics of
reluctance motor
 construction, operating principle and characteristics
hysteresis motor
 Single Phase Commutator Motors:
 Construction, principle of operation, characteristics of
universal motor
 Construction, principle of operation, characteristics
repulsion motor
06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 2
Single Phase Synchronous Motor (CO5)
Introduction
 A revolving field can be produced in
synchronous motors from a single-phase
source by use of the same method as for
single-phase induction motors.
 With the main stator winding connected
directly to the supply, an auxiliary winding
may be connected through a capacitor.
 The efficiency of these motors is very low,
usually less than 20 percent, but the cost is
low as well.
 These motors are manufactured in two
different construction as:
1. Reluctance motor
2. Hysteresis motor.
1. Reluctance Motor
Construction of Reluctance Motor
 The reluctance motor has basically two
main parts called stator and rotor. the
stator has a laminated construction, made
up of stampings.
 The stampings are slotted on its periphery
to carry the winding called stator winding.
The stator carries only one winding. This is
excited by single-phase a.c. supply.
 The laminated construction keeps iron losses to a minimum.
 The stampings are made up of material from silicon steel which
minimizes the hysteresis loss.
 The stator winding is wound for certain definite number of poles.

1. Reluctance Motor
Construction of Reluctance Motor
 The rotor has a particular shape. Due to its
shape, the air gap between stator and rotor is
not uniform.
 The reluctance of the magnetic circuit
depends on the air gap. More the air gap,
more is the reluctance and vice-versa.
 Due to the variable air gap between stator and
rotor, when the rotor rotates, reluctance
between stator and rotor also changes.
 The stator and rotor are designed in such a
manner that the variation of the inductance of
the windings is sinusoidal with respect to the
rotor position.
1. Reluctance Motor
Working of Reluctance Motor
 when a piece of magnetic material is located in a magnetic field, a
force acts on the material tending to bring it into the desert portion of
the field.
 The force tends to align the specimen of the material in such a way
that the reluctance of the magnetic path that passes through the
material will be minimum.

1. Reluctance Motor
 When supply is given to the stator winding, the revolving magnetic
field will exert reluctance torque on the unsymmetrical rotor tending
to align the salient pole axis of the rotor with the axis of the
revolving magnetic field, because in this position, the reluctance of
the magnetic path would be minimum.
 If the reluctance torque is sufficient to start the motor and its load,
the rotor will pull into step with the revolving field and continue to
run at the speed of the revolving field.

1. Reluctance Motor
 The motor starts as an induction motor and after it has reached its
maximum speed as an induction motor, the reluctance torque pulls its
rotor into step with the revolving field, motor now runs as
synchronous motor by virtue of its saliency.
 Reluctance motors have approximately one third the HP rating they
would have as Induction motors with cylindrical rotors.

1. Reluctance Motor
Torque-Speed Characteristics of Reluctance Motor
 The starting torque depends
upon the rotor position. The
value of the starting torque
varies between 300 to 400 % of
its full load torque.
 The motor operates at a
constant speed up to a little
over than 200% of its full load
torque.
 If the loading of the motor is increased above the value of the pull-
out torque, the motor loose synchronism but continues to run as a
single-phase induction motor up to over 500% of its rated torque.

1. Reluctance Motor
Advantages of Reluctance Motor
 Simple construction as there is no slip rings, no brushes and no DC
field windings)
 Low cost
 Maintenance is easy
Applications of Reluctance Motor

 It is used for many constant speed applications such as electric clock
timer, signaling devices, recording instruments etc.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Construction of Hysteresis Motor
 Stator of hysteresis motor is designed in a
particular manner to produce synchronous
revolving field from single phase supply.
 Stator carries two windings, (a) main winding
(b) auxiliary winding.
 In another type of design of hysteresis motor
the stator holds the poles of shaded type.
 Rotor of hysteresis motor is made of
magnetic material that has high hysteresis
loss property.
 Example of this type of materials is chrome,
cobalt steel or alnico or alloy.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Construction of Hysteresis Motor
 Hysteresis loss becomes high due to large
area of hysteresis loop.
 Rotor does not carry any winding or teeth.
 The magnetic cylindrical portion of the rotor
is assembled over shaft through arbor of
nonmagnetic material like brass.
 Rotor is provided with high resistance to
reduce eddy current loss.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Working of Hysteresis Motor
 At the Starting Condition when stator is
energized with single phase AC supply,
rotating magnetic field is produced in
stator.
 At the starting, by induction phenomenon,
eddy current is generated to flow in the
rotor.
 Eddy current torque is developed along
with the hysteresis torque in the rotor.
 Hysteresis torque in the rotor develops as
the rotor magnetic material is with high
hysteresis loss property and high
retentivity.
2. Hysteresis Motor
 The rotor goes under the slip frequency
before going to the steady state running
condition.
 So it can be said that when the rotor starts
to rotate with the help of these eddy current
torque due to induction phenomenon, it
behalves like a single phase induction
motor.
 At Steady State Running Condition when
the speed of the rotor reaches near about
the synchronous speed, the stator pulls the
rotor into synchronism.

2. Hysteresis Motor
 At the condition of synchronism, the
relative motion between stator field and
rotor field vanishes.
 So there is no further induction
phenomenon to continue.
 Hence no eddy current to generate in the
rotor.
 Thus the torque due to eddy- currents
vanishes and motor runs with the help of
hysteresis torque only.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Torque Equation of Hysteresis Motor
 The torque in the rotor of the hysteresis motor is produced due to
hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. The hysteresis loss
Wh = KhBmax1.6fr = Kh’Bmax1.6 ( sf )
Where fr = Rotor frequency
f = Stator frequency
s = Slip
Bmax = Maximum flux density
Kh = Constant and Kh’ = Constant
Hysteresis torque,
Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 ( sf ) / sωs = Kh’Bmax1.6 f / ωs
Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 f / 2πNs

2. Hysteresis Motor
Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 f / (2π × 120f / P)
Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 P / (2π × 120)

We can say that the hysteresis torque does not depends on frequency and
speed.
The eddy current loss
We = KeBmax1.6fr2
= KeBmax1.6 ( sf )2 ( As fr = sf )
= KeBmax1.6 s2f2

2. Hysteresis Motor
Eddy current torque
Te = We / sωs
Te = KeBmax1.6 s2f2 / sωs
Te = Ks
Where K = KeBmax1.6 f2 / ωs
Te ∝ s
 The eddy current torque is directly proportional to slip.
 When the hysteresis motor rotates at synchronous speed, slip
becomes zero and therefore the eddy current losses also become
zero.
 The eddy currentVikash
06/14/2023
torque
Tiwari
assist to start hysteresis motor.
KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 18
2. Hysteresis Motor
Torque-Speed Characteristics of Hysteresis Motor
 A constant Hysteresis Torque occurs in
the hysteresis motor. This constant
valued torque allows the motor to
synchronize any load it can accelerate.
 The normal operating range is
mentioned with dark vertical line.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Advantages of Hysteresis Motor
 No mechanical vibrations take place during its operation.
 Its operation is quiet and noiseless as there is no vibration.
 It is suitable to accelerate inertia loads.
 Multi-speed operation can be achieved by employing gear train.
Disadvantages of Hysteresis Motor
 Hysteresis motor has poor output that is one-quarter of
output of an induction motor with same dimension.
 Low efficiency
 Low torque.
 Low power factor
 This type of motor is available in very small size only.

2. Hysteresis Motor
Applications of Hysteresis Motor
1. Sound producing equipment,
2. Sound recording instruments,
3. High quality record players,
4. Timing devices
5. Electric clocks,
6. Teleprinters.

Single Phase Commutator Motors (CO5)
Introduction of AC Commutator Motor

 AC commutator motor have higher starting
torque and higher speed than AC induction
motors.
 AC commutator motors may be either single-
phase or poly-phase.
 The single-phase AC version suffers a double
line frequency torque pulsation, not present in
the polyphase motor.
 Since a commutator motor can operate at a much
higher speed than an induction motor, it can
output more power than a similar size induction
motor.
 AC commutator motors are not maintenance-
free, due to brush and commutator wear.
Types of AC Commutator Motor

Single Phase Commutator Motors
Single Phase Series Motor
Universal Motor
Repulsion Motor
Repulsion-Induction Motor
1. Universal Motor
Introduction
 A universal motor is a specially designed motor
which runs either on DC or AC supply.
 It has a high starting torque and variable speed
characteristics. Such motor runs at dangerously
high speeds during no load.
 In a normal DC motor if direction of both field and
armature current is reversed, the direction of
torque remains unchanged.
 When normal DC series motor is connected to
an AC supply, both field and armature current get
reversed and unidirectional torque gets
produced in the motor hence motor can work on
AC supply.
1. Universal Motor
Introduction
 But performance of such motor is not satisfactory
due to the following reasons :
i) There are tremendous eddy current losses in the
yoke and field cores.
ii) Windings offer high reactance to AC due to
which operating power factor is very low.
iii) The sparking at brushes is a major problem
 Some modifications are required to have the
satisfactory performance.
1. Universal Motor
Introduction
The modification are:
 The field core is made up of the material having a
low hysteresis loss. It is laminated to reduce the
eddy current loss.
 The area of the field poles is increased to reduce
the flux density. As a result, the iron loss and the
reactive voltage drop are reduced.
 To get required torque the number of conductors
in the armature is increased.
 A compensating winding is used for reducing the
effect of the armature reaction and improving the
commutation process.

1. Universal Motor
Construction
 It consists of a stator on which field poles are
mounted.
 Field coils are wound on the field poles.
 The whole magnetic path is laminated.
 Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy
currents which induce while operating on AC.
 The rotary armature is of wound type having
straight or skewed slots and commutator with
brushes resting on it.
1. Universal Motor
Construction
 The brushes used are having high resistance.
 Generally universal motors are manufactured in
to two types
 1. Concentrated pole, non compensated type

(low power rating)
 2. Distributed field, compensated type (high
power rating)

1. Universal Motor
Construction
 The Concentrated pole, non compensated
motor has two salient poles.
 The armature is wound type and is similar to
that of a small DC motor.
 It consists essential of a laminated core
having either straight or skewed slots and a
commutator to which the leads of the
armature winding are connected.
non compensated universal motor

1. Universal Motor
Construction
 The Distributed field, compensated
type motor has a stator core and a
wound armature.
 The compensating winding is used to
reduce the reactance voltage present in
the armature when motor runs on AC
supply.
 This voltage is caused by the alternating
flux by transformer action. Compensated universal motor
1. Universal Motor
Working
 When the motor is connected to an AC supply, the
same alternating current flows through the field and
armature windings.
 The field winding produces an alternating flux φ
that reacts with the current flowing in the
armature to produce a torque.
 Since both armature current and flux reverse
simultaneously, the torque always acts in the same
direction.
 It may be noted that no rotating flux is produced
in this type of machines; the principle of operation
is the same as that of a D.C. series motor.

1. Universal Motor
Phasor Diagram of Universal Motor
 The resistance drops IaRss, IaRp, IaRc and IaRa
due to resistances of series field, interpole,
compensating winding and of armature
respectively are in phase with armature
current Ia.
 The reactance drops IaXss, IaXp, IaXc and IaXa
due to reactance of series field, interpole,
compensating winding and of armature
respectively lead current Ia by 90o.
 terminal phase voltage VP is equal to the
phasor sum of Eg and all the impedance
drops in series.
06/14/2023 VP = Eg + IaZVikash
ss + Tiwari
IaZp + IaZc +KEE-061
IaRa(SEM) Unit 5 32
1. Universal Motor
Speed-Torque Characteristics
 Speed-Torque characteristics of a
universal motor is similar to that of
DC series motor.
 The speed of a universal motor is
low at full load and very high at no
load.
 Usually, gears trains are used to get
the required speed on required load.

1. Universal Motor
EMF equation of Universal Motor
 The current-carrying armature

produces cross flux along the q-axis in
space quadrature with the main flux.
 These two fluxes apart from being in space quadrature are
alternating at a supply frequency.
 Each of these fluxes then induces rotational and static (transformer)
emf’s in the armature.
1. Emf’s of Main Field (d-axis)
2. Emf’s of Cross Field (q–axis Field)
1. Universal Motor
1. Emf’s of Main Field (d-axis): As in

the dc case, rotational emf is induced in
armature conductors.
 The magnitude of this emf is maximum in coils BB’ and is zero in
coils AA’ under the brushes. Hence, commutation remains
unaffected by this emf.
 The rms value of the rotational emf caused by the main field is

1. Universal Motor
2. Emf’s of Cross Field (q-axis): The

rotational emf caused by cross-flux
induces net zero emf at the brushes.
 On the other hand, the transformer emf of armature coils adds to a
definite value and is alternating leading the cross flux by 90°.
 This emf is maximum in coils BB’ and zero in coils AA’ and so does
not affect commutation.
 The rms value of transformer emf Et at the brushes is,

1. Universal Motor
 Assuming the armature winding to be
finely distributed,
 Ratio of the transformer emf (Et) to the rotational emf (Ea) is,

1. Universal Motor
 Torque developed is pulsating in
nature with an average value and a
predominant second harmonic
component. The average torque is
given by
 Being a series motor Ea la (assuming linear magnetic circuit), the

torque is therefore proportional to square of armature current which
becomes directly proportional at high armature current because of
saturation of the magnetic circuit.

1. Universal Motor

1. Universal Motor

1. Universal Motor

1. Universal Motor

1. Universal Motor

1. Universal Motor (Applications)

2. Repulsion Motor
Introduction
 A repulsion motor is a single-phase electric
motor that operates by providing input AC.
 The main application of repulsion motor is
electric trains.
 It starts as a repulsion motor and runs as an
induction motor, where the starting torque
should be high for repulsion motor and very
good running characteristics for induction
motor.
2. Repulsion Motor
Introduction
 A repulsion motor is similar to an a.c. series
motor except that:
1. Brushes are not connected to supply but are
short-circuited.
2. The field structure has non-salient pole
construction.
 By adjusting the position of short-circuited
brushes on the commutator, the starting
torque can be developed in the motor.
2. Repulsion Motor
Construction
 The field of stator winding is
wound like the main winding of a
split-phase motor and is connected
directly to a single-phase source.
 The armature or rotor is similar to a
D.C. motor armature with drum
type winding connected to a
commutator.

2. Repulsion Motor
Construction
 The brushes are not connected to
supply but are connected to each other
or short-circuited, which makes the
rotor into a type of squirrel cage.
 By using a commutator motor with
brushes short-circuited, it is possible to
vary the starting torque by changing
the brush axis.
 It has also better power factor.
2. Repulsion Motor
Working of Repulsion Motor
 The stator winding of repulsion motor is
supplied with single phase AC.
 It produces a magnetic flux along the
direct axis as shown in figure by arrow
mark.
 This magnetic flux when link with the rotor winding, creates an emf.
Due to this emf, a rotor current is produced.
 This rotor current in turn produces a magnetic flux which is directed
along the brush axis due to commutator assembly.
2. Repulsion Motor
 Due to the interaction of stator and rotor
produced fluxes, an electromagnetic
torque is produced.
 If the angle α between the stator
produced field and brush axis is 90°.
 In this condition, there will not be any mutual induction between the
stator and rotor windings.
 Therefore, no emf and hence no rotor current is produced. Thus no
electromagnetic torque is developed.
2. Repulsion Motor
 If the angle α between the stator
produced field and brush axis is 0°.
 A maximum emf is induced across the
brushes. This is because, the rotor and
stator magnetic flux coincides.
 Hence there is a perfect mutual coupling between them. Since the
electromagnetic torque T is given as
Te = k (Stator Field Strength) (Rotor Field Strength) Sinα
 Thus, No electromagnetic torque is developed as α = 0°.
2. Repulsion Motor
 Actually the brush axis occupies a
position somewhere in between α = 0°
and α = 90° as shown in figure.
 Since stator flux is toward A to B, South Pole (S1) is generated at A.

Similarly South Pole (S2) is generated on rotor at C.
 Since similar poles repel each other, S1 will repel S2. Due to this
repulsion between the like poles, motor will rotate in clockwise
direction. This is the reason; this motor is called Repulsion Motor.
2. Repulsion Motor
Characteristics of Repulsion Motor
Following points regarding must be noted
from the Torque and Current curve:
 Rotor current is maximum when the

brush axis and direct axis coincides.
 Rotor current is zero when the brush

occupies a position in quadrature with the
direct axis.
 Maximum torque in repulsion motor is

achieved when stator and rotor field axis
are 45° apart.
2. Repulsion Motor (Applications)

A universal motor operates on 200 volts DC, draws a

current of 10 A and runs at 1440 rpm. Find the new
speed, when machine connected to 200 V 50 Hz AC
supply. The motor has a resistance of 1 ohm and total
inductance of 0.1 H.


Unit 5

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Unit 5

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Single Phase Synchronous Motors

Single Phase Commutator Motors

Special Electrical Machines

B Tech 6th Semester

Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 4

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 6

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06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 8

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 9

Applications of Reluctance Motor

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06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 14

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 15

Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 f / 2πNs

Th = Kh’Bmax1.6 P / (2π × 120)

= KeBmax1.6 ( sf )2 ( As fr = sf )

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Introduction of AC Commutator Motor

Types of AC Commutator Motor

Single Phase Series Motor

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 26

 1. Concentrated pole, non compensated type

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 The current-carrying armature

1. Emf’s of Main Field (d-axis): As in

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 35

2. Emf’s of Cross Field (q-axis): The

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 36

 Ratio of the transformer emf (Et) to the rotational emf (Ea) is,

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 37

 Being a series motor Ea la (assuming linear magnetic circuit), the

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 Since stator flux is toward A to B, South Pole (S1) is generated at A.

 Rotor current is maximum when the

 Rotor current is zero when the brush

 Maximum torque in repulsion motor is

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 57

A universal motor operates on 200 volts DC, draws a

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari KEE-061 (SEM) Unit 5 58

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