Creation of Ideal Cycles for Internal

Combustion Engines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Basic Thermodynamic Structure of an

Artificial Horse (Engine)…
Animal Driven Vehicles

2
Anatomy of A Horse : Result of Nearly 40000
years of Evolution
 The Routine of A Horse (Natural or Artificial)

• Inhalation of fresh air.

• Intake of diet.
• Compression of air.
• Digestion of intake with air.
• Generation of Mechanical Motion.
• Exhalation of waste.
• A cyclic creature called natural air breathing Engine.
• Actions are discrete but final outcome is continuous.
 Development of Artificial Horse

Fuel
(Resource)

Power Plant
--Cycle The Great Need :
-- Basic Hardware Mechanical Power
-- Auxiliaries & Controls

Land, Water &

Air (Sinks)
 Scientific Development of Engine

• 1698 – Thomas Savery Steam Engine (A positive displacement type

Control Mass device).
• 1712 – New Comen Steam Engine(A positive displacement type
Control Mass device).
• 1769 – James Watts Steam Engine(A positive displacement type
Control Mass device)
• 1824 – Carnot Theory.
 Sadi Nicolas Léonard Carnot
• 1821: Carnot began the work which
led to the mathematical theory of heat
and helped start the modern theory of
thermodynamics.
• The problem occupying Carnot was
how to design good steam engines.
• Steam power already had many uses -
draining water from mines, excavating
ports and rivers, forging iron, grinding
grain, and spinning and weaving cloth
- but it was inefficient.
 Carnot’s Thinking
• It irked Carnot particularly that the British had progressed so far
through the genius of a few engineers who lacked formal
scientific education.
• British engineers had also accumulated and published reliable
data about the efficiency of many types of engines under actual
running conditions.
• They vigorously argued the merits of low- and high-pressure
engines and of single-cylinder and multi-cylinder engines.
• 1822 – 1823 : Carnot attempted to find a mathematical expression
for the work produced by one kilogram of steam.
• Carnot's work is distinguished for his careful, clear analysis of the
units and concepts employed and for his use of both an adiabatic
working stage and an isothermal stage in which work is
consumed.
• 1824 : Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les
machines propres à développer cette puissance which includes
his description of the "Carnot cycle".
A Mathematical Model for (James Watt’s) Steam Engine

expansion

Heat Addition
Heat Removal
Carnot’s Theoretical Model for Engine

A B

C
 The Ideal Gas Engine
• 1824: Sadi Carnot, who founded the science of
thermodynamics, identified several fundamental ideas that
would be incorporated in later internal combustion engines:
– He noted that air compressed by a ratio of 15 to 1 would
be hot enough (200°C) to ignite dry wood.
– He recommended compressing the air before combustion.
Fuel could then be added by "an easily invented injector".
– Carnot realized that the cylinder walls would require
cooling to permit continuous operation.
– Later, Diesel thought he could avoid this, but found out
the hard way.
– He noted that usable heat would be available in the
exhaust, and recommended passing it under a water boiler.
Carnot’s Theoretical Model for Steam Engine
 Thermodynamic Modeling : A tradition of Post Carnot
Research
• Major portion of motive power generation occurs in any
Reciprocating IC engine in a control mass (closed system).
• The thermal operation of any IC engine is a transient cyclic process.
• Even at constant load and speed, the value of thermodynamic
parameters at any location vary with time.
• Each event may get repeated again and again.
• So, an IC engine operation is a transient process which gets
completed in a known or required Cycle time.
• Higher the speed of the engine, lower will be the Cycle time.
• Modeling of IC engine process can be carried out in many ways.
• Multidimensional, Transient Flow and heat transfer Model.
• Thermodynamic Transient Model USUF.
• Fuel-air Thermodynamic Model.
• Air standard Thermodynamic Model.