MATH

BINARY
OPERATION
M8 LOGIC AND SET
THEORY
PRESENTED BY: REY ANGELA A. UPOD BSED2-
A
 Definition
A binary operation on a set is a calculation involving
two elements (called operands) of the set to produce
another element of the set (resultant).
 Properties

Closure property: An operation * on a non-empty set

A has closure property, if a ∈ A, b ∈ A ⇒ a * b ∈ A.
 .

A math (binary) operation,

using the symbol “ * “, is defined to be

a * b = 3a + b, where a and b are real numbers.

1. What is 4 *
Examples
2. Is a * b commutative?
3?
Solution: Solution:
Verify if a * b = b * a.
4 * 3 = 3 (4) + 3
3a + b = 3b + a?
= 12 + 3 Not true for all real numbers.
If a = 4 and b= 2,
= 15
then 3(4) + 2 = 3(2) + 4 is not true.

Therefore: The operation * is not commutati

for all real numbers
 Examples
3. Is a * b * c associative?
Solution:
Verify if a * (b*c) = (a*b)*c If a= 2, b= 3, c=4;
a * (3b + c) = (3a + b) + c 3 . 2 + (3 . 3 + 4) ≠ 3 (3 . 2 + 3) + 4;
3a + (3b + c) = 3 (3a + b) + 6 + 13 ≠ 3(9) + 4;
c 19 ≠ 31.
The operation * is not associative for
real numbers.
 Sometimes, a binary
operation on a finite set is
displayed in a table which
shows how the operation is
to be performed.
 * 1 2 3 4
A binary operation, is defined on the
set (1, 2, 3, 4). The table shows the 16 1 4 3 2 1
possible answers using this operation.
(To read the table: read the first value 2 3 1 4 2
from the left hand column and the
second value from the top row. The 3 2 4 1 3
answer is the intersection point).
4 1 2 3 4
EXAMPLES:
* 1 2 3 4
1. What is 2 * 2 ?
1 4 3 2 1
Answer: 1
2 3 1 4 2

2. Is 4 * 3 3 2 4 1 3
commutative?
Answer: 4*3 = 3 and 4 1 2 3 4
3*4 = 3
EXAMPLES:
3. What is the identity * 1 2 3 4
element for the operation “ *
“? 1 4 3 2 1
Answer:
2 3 1 4 2
The identity element is 4.
3 2 4 1 3

4 1 2 3 4

NOTE: Identity element is the single element that will always return the original value.
EXERCISES: * 1 2 3 4
Is the function associative for
1 4 3 2 1
these values?
2 3 1 4 2
4*(3*2) = (4*3)*2
4* 4 = 3*2
3 2 4 1 3
4=4
Answer: Yes, it is associative 4 1 2 3 4
for values 4, 3, and 2
02
ELEMENTARY
LOGIC
According to David W. Kueker (2009), logic is simply defined as the analysis of
methods of reasoning. In studying these methods, logic is interested in the form
rather than the content of the argument. Mathematical Logic is, at least in its
origins, the study of reasoning as used in mathematics. Mathematical reasoning is
deductive that is, it consists of drawing (correct) conclusions from given
hypotheses.
Thus the basic concept is that of a statement being a logica consequence of some other
statements. In ordinary mathematical English the use of "therefore" customarily indicates that
the following statement is a consequence of what comes before.
Examples:
1. All men are mortal. Luke is a man. Hence, Luke is mortal.
2. All dogs like fish. Cyber is a dog. Hence, Cyber likes fish.
 PROPOSITIO
N
is a sentence that is either true or false
without additional information.
Example:
2+3=6

Sa classroom may batas, bawal lumabas.

 Is it a Proposition or
Not?
1. What time is it? Answer: Not
2. Ouch! Answer: Not
3. x+1=2 Answer: Not
4. AB=BA Answer: Not
5. The current dollar to peso exchange
rate is 56. Answer:Yes
 LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
defined by truth tables (but have
English language counterparts.)
 Denial
denial is a statement equivalent to the
negation of a statement.
The negation of the statement p is denoted
~p.
Example:
A denial of P→Q is ~ P→Q
 Contradiction
is a statement which is always false.

Example:
1. (A V ~ A) ⇒ (B ^ ~ B) a contradiction.
 Contrapositive
Is P then Q means that if ~ Q then ~ P. An
implication and its contrapositive are
logically equivalent, so one can always be
used in place of the other.
 Predicate
. A predicate (open sentence) is a sentence
containing one or more variable which
becomes proposition upon replacement of the
variables.

Example:
1. The integer x is even.
 3. Triangle ABC is isosceles.
However, a predicate is not a proposition, it does not have a
truth value One can however use quantifiers to make
propositions about predicates. For instance, the
universal/general quantifier (∀) is used to say that a given
predicate is true for all possible values of its variables.
This is a proposition, since it is either true or false.
Similarly, the existential quantifier (∃) is used to say that
there is some value of the variables which makes the
predicate a true statement.
Examples:
1. Let x be a real number. x² - 1 = 0 is not a
proposition, it is a predicate.
2. "There exists an x so that x² - 1 = 0" is a
proposition (true)
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
150,00
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Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
TABLET
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 9h 55m 23s
is Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
Earths is the Sun’s mass

386,000 km
is the distance between Earth and the Moon
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OUR LOCATION
JUPITER
It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet of them all

SATURN
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
 PLANNING
MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN
01 02 03 04

05 06 07 08 09 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

Practice Theory
 KNOWLEDGE PROGRESS
IMPROPER
FRACTIONS
Mercury is the closest planet and
the smallest of them all
EQUIVALENT
FRACTIONS
Venus has a beautiful name and
high temperatures

MIXED NUMBERS
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then Saturn is a gas giant and has
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
several rings
 STEPS TO UNDERSTAND
FRACTIONS
STEP 1 STEP 3
Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the second
planet of them all planet from the Sun

STEP 2 STEP 4
Despite being red, Saturn is a gas giant
Mars is a cold place and has several rings
 ADD AND SUBTRACT MIXED
FRACTIONS
STEP 1 STEP 3
Venus is a beautiful Mars is red and a
place cold place

STEP 2 STEP 4
Saturn has high Jupiter is the
temperatures biggest planet
 0
3
EXERCISES
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 EXERCISE 1
Multiplication of fractions with the area model

"Jon bought a green tablecloth that is 2/3 meters long and 1/2 meters
wide. How many square meters is the area of ​the tablecloth?"

2/6 3/9
 EXERCISE 2
Add and subtract fractions with different denominators

Pablo has eaten 1/2 of the cake and his sister 1/4, What portion
of cake have they eaten?

SOLUTIO
DATA
N
● 1/2 1/3
● 1/4 6/8
 EXERCISE 3
Complete the fraction so that they are equivalent

1/4 =x/8
 EXERCISE 4
Choose the correct statement:

It is the number 5 since the two 7s can be simplified

It is the mixed fraction seven and five sevenths 7 5/7

It is not correct to write this mixed number since the
denominator is greater than the numerator
 CONCLUSIONS
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger
than our Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to do
with the liquid metal since it was named after the
Roman messenger god, Mercury
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