ELECTIVE 10

BASIC CALCULUS
 ELECTIVE 10 BASIC CALCULUS

COURSE OUTLINE
FIRST QUARTER TOPICS SECOND QUARTER TOPICS

Chapter 1 FUNCTIONS AND Chapter 4 THE APPLICATION

THEIR GRAPHS OF THE DERIVATIVES

Chapter 2 LIMITS AND Chapter 5 THE INDEFINITE

CONTINUITY INTEGRAL

Chapter 6 THE DEFINITE

Chapter 3 THE DERIVATIVES
INTEGRAL
 ELECTIVE 10 BASIC CALCULUS

Chapter 1 Functions and Chapter 3 The

Their Graphs Derivative
Lesson 1: Function
Lesson 2: Domain and Functions Lesson 7: The Derivative of a
Lesson 3: The Graph of the Function
Functions Lesson 8: Rules of
Lesson 4: Operations of Functions Differentiation
Lesson 5: Composition of Functions Lesson 9: Derivatives of
Higher Order
Chapter 2 Limits and
Lesson 10: Derivatives of
Continuity Products and Quotients
Lesson 4: Limits of a Function
Lesson 5: Evaluating the limits of
the Function
Lesson 6: Concept of Continuity
 ELECTIVE 10 BASIC CALCULUS

Chapter 4 Applications of Chapter 5 The

Derivative Indefinite Integral
Lesson 15: Antiderivative –
Lesson 11: The Derivative as a The Indefinite Integral
Slope Lesson 16: Rules of Finding
Lesson 12: The Derivative as a Rate the Integral
of Change Lesson 17: Finding a
Lesson 13: The Derivative as Particular Antiderivative
Marginal Lesson 18: Velocity and
Lesson 14: The Derivatives in Acceleration Functions
Rectilinear Motion
 ELECTIVE 10 BASIC CALCULUS

Chapter 6 The Definite

Integral

Lesson 19: Area of a Region Under

a Curve
Lesson 20: The Definite Integral
Lesson 21: Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus
Lesson 22: Application of the
Definite Integral
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:

1.Define a Function
2. Differentiate independent Variable from a dependent Variable
3. Evaluate a Function at a given value of the independent variable
4. Give the domain and range of a function
5. Sketch the graph of a function in the xy- plane
6. Perform indicated algebraic operations on functions
7. Form the composite functions of given simple function
FUNCTIONS Are considered the main building blocks of calculus

In Mathematical Expressions
Constants Variables

Are those quantities Are those quantities that

that do not change change or vary.
Example :
D=vt

y = f(x)
Where:
f = indicates that a function exists between variables x and y.
f(x) = is read as “f of x’
FUNCTIONS
Using the given variables, translate the following statements into a functional
notations. Identify Independent and dependent variables.
a. The pressure P inside a pressure cooker is dependent on the temperature T.
Solution: P = f(T); T is the Independent variable while P is the Dependent Variable

b. The price per unit C of a commodity is dependent on the number of units u

demanded by a consumer.
Solution: C = g(u); u is the Independent variable while C is the Dependent Variable
c. The height of a child h depends on his/her are x in years.
Solution: h = f(x); x is the Independent variable while h is the Dependent Variable
d. The velocity v of a free falling body depends on the time t.
Solution: v = k(t); t is the Independent variable while v is the Dependent Variable
 FUNCTIONS
A Function may be expressed in terms of formula.
y = 2x – 3. For every value of x gives only one
value of y.

f(x) = 2x – 3.
Example: f(x) = 2x – 3. Find

a. f(0) b. f(1) c. f(-1) d. f(5 - x)

Solution. Solution. Solution. Solution.
f(-1) = 2x – 3. f(5 - x) = 2x – 3.
f(0) = 2x – 3. f(1) = 2x – 3.
= 2(-1) – 3. = 2 (5 - x) – 3.
= 2(1) – 3.
= 2(0) – 3. = -5. = 10 - 2x – 3.
= -1.
=– 3. = 7 - 2x.
Evaluate g(t) = t2 – 4, when g(-1).
g(-1) = t2 – 4.

g(-1) = (-1) 2 – 4.
= 1- 4.
= -3.
Evaluate g(t) = t2 – 4, when g(t+2).
g(t+2) = t2 – 4.
= (t + 2) 2 – 4. = (t + 2) 2

=t2
1. The first term is the square of the first term in the Binomial:

2. The middle term is twice the product of the two

terms in the binomial:
= 2*t*2
3. The last term is the square of the second term in
the binomial: =2 2 = 4

= t 2 + (t*2*2) + 2 2 - 4.
= t2 + 4t + 22 – 4.
= t2 + 4t + 4 – 4.
= t2 + 4t .
Examples:
  1.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )=10 𝑥 − 3 ;
 
 
 

  2. .
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝑥 +1.
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )= 2 ( 3 𝑥 − 1   ) +1 .
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )= 6 𝑥 − 2+1 .
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )= 6 𝑥 − 1
  3.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
2
𝑞
  ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 − 2 𝑥+2 .
2
𝑞
  ( 𝑥 )= ( 2 x +3 ) − 2 ( 2 x +3 ) +2 .

  .

  .
A. Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5:

 1. f(x) = 2x + 1.
2. q(x) = X 2 – 2x +2.
3. g(x) = .
4. r(x) = .
5. F(x) =

B. Evaluate the following functions at x = 3:

 1. f(x) = x – 3 .
2. q(x) = X 2 – 3x + 5.
3. g(x) =.
4. r(x) = .
5. F(x) =
ACTIVITY 0.1 REVIEW ASSESSMENT

A. SIMPLIFY EACH PRODUCT.

 
1.

 
2.

 
3.
 
4.

B. EXPAND THE FOLLOWING:

 1.
 
2.
 
3.

 
4.
FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS.

 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

1. Product Rule for exponents:

To multiply powers having the same base, keep the base and add the
components.
=
2. Power Rule for Exponents
To find the of a power o a base, keep the base and multiply the exponents
=
3. Power of a Product Rule
To find the power of a product, find the power of each factor and then
multiply the resulting powers.
=
 
RULE: To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the
polynomial by the polynomial.

Find the product of 5x and x+4.

5x ( x + 4) =

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

The Square of a Binomial is the square if the first term plus (or minus) twice the
product of the two terms plus the square of the last term.
(a + 7) 2 =
The Cube of a Binomial
Example: (2x + 5) 3
First term: The cube of the first term =
Second Term: Three times the product of the square of the first term and the
2nd term = 3 * (2x) 2 * 5
Third Term: Three times the products of the first term and the square of the 2 nd
term = 3 * 2x * 5 2 =
Fourth Term: The cube of the 2nd Term.
The Product of Sum and Difference

 =

Square of a Trinomial
 + 2xy + 2 xz + 2yz

1st 2nd 3rd

Square the 1st Term

Square the 2nd Term

Twice the product of the 2nd and 3rd term
Square the 3rd Term

Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term

Twice the product of the 1st and 3rd term

DOMAIN OF THE FUNCTION

For the function y = f(x), we call the set from which we take the values of the
independent variables x the domain of the function. The set of all possible values of y
as x varies over the domain is called the range of the function.

INTERVAL SET OF VALUES

Finite interval whose endpoints are two fixed numbers a and b.

Cases under Finite Interval

CASE 1 The set of values of the variable x consists of all real numbers that lie between
two fixed numbers a and b, where a and b are not included.

a  b
(a,b)

CASE 2 The set of values of real numbers between a and b including the
end points..

a  {x│a x<} b
[a,b]
CASE 3 The set of values of x including the end point a but not the end point b.

a  {x│a x<b} b
[a,b)

CASE 2 The set of values of x including the end point b but excluding a.

a  {x│a xb} b
(a,b]
INTERVAL SET OF VALUES

Infinite intervals are those set of values of real numbers which are unbounded in at
least one direction. On the number line, infinite intervals are denoted bt one or two
rays.
Cases under Infinite Interval

CASE 1 The set of values of all real numbers.

0
 
(, )
CASE 2 The set of numbers greater than a.

a
  {x│x a}
(a, + )
Cases under Infinite Interval

CASE 3 The set of numbers greater than or equal to a.

a
  {x│x a}
(a, + )

CASE 4 The set of numbers less than b.

b
  {x│x<b}
(, )
CASE 5 The set of numbers less than or equal to b.

b
  {x│x b}
(, )
EXAMPLE
EXAM
Give the interval notation and sketch the graph of the set of x –values that satisfies
each given.

𝑎  . −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤5 𝑏  . −4 < 𝑥 <2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

𝑐  .− 2< 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑑  .− 3 ≤ 𝑥 <3
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE
EXAM
Sketch the graph of each of the following and give the set and interval notations.

a. The set of real numbers greater than -1.

SOLUTION:

b. The set of real numbers less than or equal to 5.

SOLUTION: ( 
 
{X

−∞
  0 1 5
∞
 

c. The set of real nembers less than -2 or greater than 2.

SOLUTION:

d. The set of all real numbers except 3.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE
EXAM
Sketch the graph of each of the following and give the set and interval notations.

c. The set of real numbers less than -2 or greater than 2.

SOLUTION:  {x x

 −∞ -2 0 1 2 5
∞
 

( 

d. The set of all real numbers except 3.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE
EXAM
Sketch the graph of each of the following and give the set and interval notations.

c. The set of real numbers less than -2 or greater than 2.

SOLUTION:  {x x ( 

 −∞ -2 0 1 2 5
∞
 

d. The set of all real numbers except 3.

SOLUTION:
 {x x ( 

 ∞
 −∞ -2 -1 0 1 2 3
RESTRICTIONS ABOUT DOMAINS

When Finding the Domain and Range of a function involving:

1. A Fraction: Denominator must not be equal to Zero.

We should never divide by zero.

2. A Radical with an even index: Radicand must be Non-negative. Hence, the

Radicand must be greater than or equal to zero.

We should never take the square root of a negative number.

 EXAMPLES:
Discuss the domain of each function.

 
a.

 
b.
 EXAMPLES:
Discuss the domain of each function.

c.
 

 
d.
EXAMPLES:

Determine the domain of each function.

 
1.

 
2.

 
3.

 
4.

 
5.
ACTIVITY 1 FUNCTIONS
A. Express the following statements into functional notations using the specified variables. Identify
the independent and the dependent variables in each statement.
1. The circumference C of a circle is dependent on its radius r.
2. The volume V of the water inside a cylindrical pail depends on the height h of the
water measured from the bottom.
3. The potential energy E of a body is dependent on its height y above the ground.
4. The current I at constant voltage depends on the resistance R of the load through
which the current flows.
5. In general, academic achievement S depends on the degree of motivation m of the
student.
B. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following functional notations.
6.
  𝐷=𝑓 (𝑟 ) 9.
  𝑃=𝑂 (𝑚)
7.
  𝑉 =𝑔 (h) 10.
  𝑃=𝑂 (𝑚 )
8.
  𝐴=𝑓 (𝑤)
C. If g(x) = x – 3, find.
11.
  𝑔(−1) 14.
  𝑔 (5− h)
 12. 𝑔 (1)
13.
  𝑔 (𝑥 +1)
D. Determine the domain of each function.

 
1.

 
2.

3.
 

4.
 

 5. s
The Graph of a Function

To graph a given function, follow these steps.

1. Take representative value of x in the domain of the

function and solve for f(x).
2. Then construct a table of values for x and f(x).
3. Plot the points whose coordinates are the ordered pairs
(x, f(x)) from the table of values.
4. Join the plotted points in the plane with a straight line or
a smooth curve. Label the graph.
Example:
Sketch the graph of the function f (x ) = 5.
Solution:
Step 1. For x = -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2, the function of values are as follows:
f ( -2) = 5. f (0) = 5. f (2) = 5.
f ( -1) = 5. f (1) = 5.
Step 2. Table of Values Step 3. Plot the points
y
x F(x) 6
f (x) = 5
5
-2 5 4
3
-1 5 2
1

0 5 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

1 5 -1
-2

2 5 -3
-4
-5
-6

NOTE. That every value of x, the value of function is equal to 5 and the
graph is a straight line parallel to the x – axis.
Example:
Sketch the graph of the function g (x ) = x.
Solution:
Step 1. For x = -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2, the function of values are as follows:
g ( -2) = -2. g (0) = 0. g (2) = 2.

g ( -1) = -1. g (1) = 1.

Step 2. Table of Values Step 3. Plot the points
y
x g(x) 6
5
-2 -2 4
3
f (x) = x
-1 -1 2
1

0 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1

1 1 -2
-3

2 2 -4
-5
-6

NOTE. The function of x is equal to itself and the graph is a diagonal line
that divides the first and the third quadrants.
Example:
 Sketch the graph of the function
Solution:
Step 1. When x is positive the value of the function is itself. When x is
negative, we multiply b -1.
Step 3. Plot the points
Step 2. Table of Values y
6
5
4
x h(x) 3
2

-2 2 1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1 1 -1

h -2( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑

0 0 -3
{
− 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥< 0
-4
-5
1 1 -6

2 2
BELIEVE YOU CAN AND YOUR HALFWAY
THERE…

GOD BLESS EVERYONE!!!

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!!!