Course : S0705 – Soil Mechanic

Year : 2008

TOPIC 2
STEADY STATE FLOW THROUGH SOIL
 CONTENT

• PERMEABILITY / CAPILARITY (SESSION 7 : F2F)

• SEEPAGE (SESSION 8 : F2F)
• FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN (SESSION 9 – 10 : F2F)
 SESSION 7
PERMEABILITY / CAPILARITY
 INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION :
THE VELOCITY OR THE CAPABILITY OF WATER/FLUDI PASS
THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

• NOTATION :
k

• UNIT :
m/s, cm/s

• PURPOSE :
– To evaluate the seepage through dam
– To evaluate the uplift force or seepage force under hydraulic structure for
stability analysis
– To control seepage velocity
– To determine the consolidation time rate
DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT

– LABORATORY
• CONSTANT HEAD (TINGGI KONSTAN)
• FALLING HEAD (TINGGI JATUH)
– FIELD
• UNCONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER BEBAS)
• CONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER TERKEKANG )
• INCONSTANT WATER HEIGHT (TINGGI AIR TIDAK TETAP)
 CONSTANT HEAD (TINGGI KONSTAN)

– SUITABLE FOR SANDY SOIL, SAND OR GRAVEL WHICH HAVE

BIG VOID RATIO VALUE

– BASIC EQUATION :

 h
Q  A.v.t  A.(k.i).t  A.  k. .t
 L
Q.L
k
A.h.t
 FALLING HEAD (TINGGI JATUH)

– MORE ECONOMICAL FOR LONG TERM TEST

– BASIC EQUATION :

dh
v-
dt
dh
qmasuk  -a
dt
h
qkeluar  A.v  A.k .i  A.k .
L
dh h
qmasuk  qkeluar  -a  A.k .
dt L
a.L h1
k ln
A.t h2
UNCONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER BEBAS)
 UNCONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER BEBAS)

dh
Q  k . .2. .r.h 

k . . h22  h12 
dr r
ln 2
r1 Q

r2
Q. ln
r1
k

 . h22  h12 
CONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER TERKEKANG )
CONFINED AQUIFER (AKIFER TERKEKANG )

r1
2,3.Q. log
r2
k
2. .h o .h1  h 2 
INCONSTANT WATER HEIGHT (TINGGI AIR TIDAK TETAP)

2r

r y
40. .
y t
k y
 L  y 
 20  r . 2  L  
  
L y
RANGE OF k VALUE

2
k  C.D10 Cm/s
 RANGE OF k VALUE

C is coefficient of soil roughness (published by Hazen), the value

range from 40 to 150 i.e. as follow :

C Sand (one or all of the next characteristics)

40-80 Very fine, well graded or contain some fine particle

80-120 Rather rough, poor graded or clean, rough and well graded

120-150 Very rough, very poor graded, contain gravel and clean
EQUIVALENT COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF LAYERED SOIL

– Equivalent Coefficient of Vertical Permeability (kv’)

– Equivalent Coefficient of Horizontal Permeability (kh’)
Equivalent Coefficient of Vertical Permeability (kv’)

Basic Concept
– qin = qout
– v constant

h1 h h
v  kv'.i  k 1 .  k 2 . 2  ...  k n . n
H1 H2 Hn
H1 h H h H h H h
 1 ; 2  2 ; 3  3 ..... n  n
k1 v k2 v k3 v kn v

h1 h 2 h 3 h H H H H
   ...  n  1  2  3  ...  n
v v v v k1 k 2 k 3 kn

H 1  H 2  H 3  ...  H n  L L
kv' 
h H1 H2 H3 Hn
v  kv'.    ... 
L k1 k2 k3 kn
Equivalent Coefficient of Vertical Permeability (kv’)

q  A.vaverage  L.kh'.i

L.kh'.i  k 1 .H 1 .i  k 2 .H 2 .i  ...  k n .H n .i

k 1 .H 1  k 2 .H 2  ...  k n .H n
kh' 
L
 EXAMPLE 1

q = 1 ft3/hr

Question :
Find the permeability coefficient of sand in ft/min
 EXAMPLE 1
SECTION 1

q h 1 q.L1
 k. h 1 
A1 L1 A 1 .k

SECTION 2
q h 2 q.L 2
 k. h 2 
A2 L2 A 2 .k

TOTAL
q .L 1 q .L 2
h t  h 1   h 2 h t  
A 1 .k A 2 .k
 EXAMPLE 1

1.400 1.600
20  
20.k 10.k

k = 4 ft/hour = 6,67x10-2 ft/min

 EXAMPLE 2

Section 1
Section 2

Questions :
- determine h
- determine q in cc/sec
 EXAMPLE 2
Determination of h

Section 1 Section 2
q 1  k 1 .i 1 .A 1
q 2  k 2 .i 2 .A 2
50  h h5
q1  0.02. .25 q2  0.007. .25
40 40

q1  q 2
0.02.(50  h)  0.007.(h  5)

h = 38.33 cm
 EXAMPLE 2

Determination of water flow rate

q 1  k 1 .i 1 .A 1 q 2  k 2 .i 2 .A 2

or

50  38.33
q  0.02. .25
40

q = 0.15 cc/s
SESSION 8
SEEPAGE
 INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION
VOLUME OF WATER/FLUID FLOW IN OR FLOW OUT AT A MEDIA
OR CERTAIN SOIL MASS
• PURPOSE
– TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF SEEPAGE TO THE STABILITY
OF STRUCTURE OR DAM
– TO ESTIMATE THE FLOW VELOCITY AND FLOW RATE AT
DEWATERING WORK
 WATER FLOW EQUATION

– BASIC OF THEORY
• DARCY LAW
h k .i
v  k .i i v' 
L n
• BERNOULLI LAW

v 12 p1 v 22 p2
  g.z 1    g .z 2 = constant energy
2g  w .g 2g  w .g

• CONTINUITY EQUATION

q  v1. A1  v2 . A2  cons tan t

 WATER FLOW EQUATION

Inflow water per time unit:

qinf low  v x dydz  v y dxdz  v z dxdy

Outflow water per time unit:

 v   v y   v 
qoutflow   v x  x dx dydz   v y  dy dxdz   v z  z dz dxdy
 x   y   z 
 WATER FLOW EQUATION

qinflow = qoutflow

 v x v y v z  dV

 x   
 dxdydz 
 y z  dt

 v x v y v z  1 Ww 1 e

 x   
  
 y z   w t 1  eo t

CONTINUITY EQUATION
 WATER FLOW EQUATION

STEADY STATE CONDITION:

e  v x v y v z 
 0 
 x   
0
t  y z 

WATER FLOW VELOCITY :

h
v x  k x i x  k x
x
h
v y  k y i y  k y
y
h
v z  k z i z  k z
z
 WATER FLOW EQUATION

   h     h    h 
kx   k y    k z 0
x  x  y   y   z   z 

HOMOGEN SOIL
k constant at x,y,z direction
 2h  2h  2h
kx  ky  kz 0
x 2 y 2 z 2

ISOTROPY SOIL
k x = ky = k z = k

2  2 h  2h  2 h LAPLACE
 h   0
x 2 y 2 z 2 EQUATION

 2h  2h
2
TWO DIMENSION  h 2  2 0
x z
 WATER FLOW EQUATION

• SEEPAGE SOLUTION
– CLOSED FORM SOLUTION
– MODEL SOLUTIONS
– APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS
• NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
• GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS  FLOW NET
 SESSION 9-10
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
 DEFINITION

Combination of 2 line group which perpendicular each

other i.e. :
– Flow Line
A bundle of line or points which defined flow direction
– Equipotential Line
The position of point which have same total head
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
 FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN

• GUIDANCE OF FLOW NET DRAWING

– The water surface of upper stream and lower stream is equipotential line
– The interface line of water and soil is equipotential line
– The flow line perpendicular with equipotential line
– The impermeable surface of boundary line is flow line
– The shape area formed by flow line and equipotential line is square
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
 FLOW NET / JARINGAN ALIRAN
q

h+h a b

h1  h 2
h h 
h Nd
q  A.v  A.k .i  (a.1).k .
b
H  h 1  h 2
a  h1  h 2 
q   q  N f .k .  
b  Nd 

Nf a a=b Nf
qk .H  qk . H
Nd b Nd
 EXAMPLE 3

Sheet Piling

4,50 m

Datum
0,5 m
A B C D

6,0 m

8,60 m

E
k = 1,5 x 10-6 m/s
EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 3
Nd = 12
Nf = 4,3
H = 4,0 m
 EXAMPLE 3
Nf
qk . H
Nd
4,3
q  1.5 x10 6. .4.00  2.15 x10 6 m3 / s.m
12

nd
hP  . H
Nd

10
hP  .4  3.33m
12
 EXAMPLE 4

5m

15 m
12 m

k = 2,5 x 10-5 m/s

 EXAMPLE 4
Nd = 15 Nf = 4,7
H = 4,0 m
 EXAMPLE 4

Nf
qk . H
Nd
5 4,7
q  2.5 x10 . .4.00  3.1x10 5 m3 / s.m
15
SEEPAGE FORCE / GAYA REMBESAN

h1
h2

L
 SEEPAGE FORCE / GAYA REMBESAN
w . h2 . A

L Soil weight = t.L.A

w . h1 . A

TOTAL FORCE

 F   t .L.A   w .(h 1  h 2 ).A

BODY FORCE (GAYA BADAN)

Total Force
Body Force ( F ) 
volume
 SEEPAGE FORCE / GAYA REMBESAN

 t .L. A   w .(h1  h2 ). A
F
L. A
H
H L
F   t   w    t   w (1  i )
 L 
F   bouyancy  i. w bouyancy = t - w h1
h2

SEEPAGE BODY FORCE (j)= i . w

L

CRITICAL CONDITION
 bouyant  i . w  0
 bouyant Gs  1
ic  
w 1 e
 EXAMPLE 5

Questions :
1. Water Flow Rate
2. Flow Velocity
3. Seepage Velocity
4. Seepage Force at point A

k = 1x10-3 cm/s
n = 0.67
 EXAMPLE 5
• Water Flow Rate
H 4
q  k .i .A i  1
L 4

q  1x10 5 .1.A  1x10 5 A

• Flow Velocity
v  k .i
v  1x10 5 .1  1x10 5 m / s
 EXAMPLE 5
• Seepage Velocity

k .i v
v'  
n n
1x10 5
v'   1.5 x10 5 m / s
0.67

• Seepage Force

Fs  i . w

Fs  1.1000  1000 kg / m 2