Aé10 Cours 5-Aerodynamique-NT

Aerodynamics
Flight mechanics
Aircraft performance
Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Main properties of air
Forces applied to an aircraft in flight
The principles of lift
Aerodynamic elements of the wing
Center of thrust
Focus of a wing
Centering - stability - maneuverability

DEFINITIONS
AERODYNAMICS
Branch of fluid dynamics that deals with the
understanding and analysis of air flows and
their effects on the solid elements they surround.
The field of study can be subdivided into

incompressible and compressible aerodynamics
depending on the Mach number:
1 - The incompressible aerodynamics, Mach is

less than Mach 0.2 approximately (250 km/h)

2 - The compressible aerodynamics is
subdivided into aerodynamics
- subsonic at Mach 0.2 (250 km/h) to the critical
Mach (about 1200 km/h),
- transonic, supersonic from Mach 1 to 5
- hypersonic beyond Mach 5.
MECHANICS OF FLIGHT
study of the movement of a vehicle in an air or
space environment and the forces generated by
changes in trajectory, changes in shape,
variations in speed.

MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE AIR
Characteristics of the air

Air (78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% rare
gases).
The air is heavy, a little more than 10 tons per

m² on the ground (density = 1.225kg/m3)
invisible, has a viscosity index
Loses in temperature 6,5°C / 1000m
Loses in pressure 1 hPa / 28 ft in the low

layers.
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Vortex flow

Resistance on an inclined plate
The force F is called AERODYNAMIC

RESULTANT
The force M is called MOTOR force

Components of air resistance
The front surface of the body must push the air

through and creates a zone of overpressure
(compressed air).
The rear surface of the body draws in air to fill the

vacuum and thus creates a zone of depression
(expansion).
The resulting force of the air movement on the object
is proportional :
- To the surface of the object (master torque)

- To the density of the air
- To the square of the speed in relation to the air mass
Resulting force :
Component parallel to the air stream: drag
Component perpendicular to the air stream: lift

In English

Bernoulli's principle

Bernoulli's principle

Lift + drag = Resultant aerodynamic force

- CP varies with incidence
- Aerodynamic force is applied at a distance of 25%

from the leading edge on the chord of most airfoils in
incompressible subsonic flow (speed less than Mach
0.4)
- the magnitude of the aerodynamic moment remains

almost constant with the angle of attack.
- This point where the aerodynamic moment of the

aircraft remains constant (not zero), is called Foyer
or aerodynamic center.
* Movie

=

BALANCE - STABILITY - HANDLING
Longitudinal stability

Lateral stability
This stability has the effect of keeping the wing in a horizontal plane
parallel to the horizon.
The oscillations of an aircraft, in relation to this plane, take place around
the roll axis and are reflected by the swing of one wing over the other.
The pilot, through the flight controls (ailerons) can influence this swing.

Lateral stability

Load factor
It is a quantity that reflects the force applied to the aircraft

structure.
The load factor is the ratio of the total load supported by the
structure of an aircraft to the actual weight of the aircraft.

The number obtained is unitless but is sometimes expressed in "g".
An aircraft has a positive load factor when the lift is in the usual
direction, towards the "roof" of the aircraft, and a negative load
factor when it is not.
Most light aircraft can handle
load factors of +4 to -2.
Aerobatic aircraft are certified
for load factors of +6 to -4.
In straight flight stabilized on
the back, for example, the load
factor is -1.

The pilot and his passengers are subject to the same load
factor as the aircraft during an evolution.
Load factor greater than 1: feeling of settling (tassement)

Load factor close to 0: feeling of weightlessness
Negative load factor: feeling of being thrown upwards
Cruise load factor
The lift is equal to the weight: the load factor is 1
Load factor in climb / descent
Lift is less than weight: load factor is less than 1

Load factor
Load factor = n = 1 / (cosinus of the bank angle)

The value of the stall speed increases with the inclination of
the turn and therefore with the load factor.

Exercice
The lift is proportional to :
a. Cx
b. Rz
c. V2
d. 2

Exercice
The lift of a wing is due to :
a. A depression on the upper surface and an overpressure on

the lower surface
b. A depression on the lower surface and an overpressure on

the upper surface
c. A depression on the lower surface and a depression on the

upper surface
d. An overpressure on the lower surface and an overpressure

on the upper surface
Exercice
Which answer is wrong? The lift to drag ratio (= finesse) is
given by :
a. 𝐷 / h
b. 𝐶𝑧 / 𝐶𝑥
c. Lift / Drag
d. Lift / Pressure

Exercice
Which configuration is best?
a. Center of gravity located 5% in front of the aerodynamic

center
b. Center of gravity located 5% behind the aerodynamic center
c. Center of gravity located 25% in front of the aerodynamic

center
d. Center of gravity located 25% behind the aerodynamic

center focus

Exercice
The load factor in turn is defined by :
a. 1/sin (bank)
b. 1/cos (bank)
c. Always equal to 1
d. The drag

Exercice
The stall arrives :
a. When the lift equals the drag
b. During landings
c. When the air streams detach from the wings
d. Rarely in turns

Exercice
The aerodynamic center of an aircraft is :
a. The location of its center of gravity
b. The point of lift variations
c. The point of drag variations
d. Generally located in the nose of the aircraft

Exercice
The center of gravity is :
a. The application of the weight of the aircraft
b. The point of lift variations
c. The same as the aerodynamic center
d. Generally located in the nose of the aircraft

Thank you. Have a great day ! :-)

Aé10 Cours 5-Aerodynamique-NT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aé10 Cours 5-Aerodynamique-NT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aerodynamics

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Forces applied to an aircraft in flight

The principles of lift

Aerodynamic elements of the wing

Centering - stability - maneuverability

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

The field of study can be subdivided into

1 - The incompressible aerodynamics, Mach is

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Characteristics of the air

The air is heavy, a little more than 10 tons per

invisible, has a viscosity index

Loses in temperature 6,5°C / 1000m

Loses in pressure 1 hPa / 28 ft in the low

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

The force F is called AERODYNAMIC

The force M is called MOTOR force

The front surface of the body must push the air

The rear surface of the body draws in air to fill the

- To the surface of the object (master torque)

Component parallel to the air stream: drag

Component perpendicular to the air stream: lift

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

- Aerodynamic force is applied at a distance of 25%

- the magnitude of the aerodynamic moment remains

- This point where the aerodynamic moment of the

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

It is a quantity that reflects the force applied to the aircraft

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Load factor greater than 1: feeling of settling (tassement)

The lift is equal to the weight: the load factor is 1

Load factor in climb / descent

Lift is less than weight: load factor is less than 1

Load factor = n = 1 / (cosinus of the bank angle)

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

The lift is proportional to :

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

a. A depression on the upper surface and an overpressure on

b. A depression on the lower surface and an overpressure on

c. A depression on the lower surface and a depression on the

d. An overpressure on the lower surface and an overpressure

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

a. Center of gravity located 5% in front of the aerodynamic

b. Center of gravity located 5% behind the aerodynamic center

c. Center of gravity located 25% in front of the aerodynamic

d. Center of gravity located 25% behind the aerodynamic

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

Nicolas Tenoux 22/10/2021

a. When the lift equals the drag

c. When the air streams detach from the wings