LESSON 4

Determining
Truthfulness and
Accuracy of the Material
Viewed
Directions: List down at least
three titles of programs under each
genre.
•Education
•Documentary
•Variety Show
•News
•Animation
•What is viewing?
According to the Canadian Common
Curriculum Framework, as cited by
Donaghy, viewing is “an active process
of attending and comprehending visual
media such as television, advertising
images, films, diagrams, symbols,
photographs, videos, dramas, drawings,
sculptures and paintings.
•Truth
- is the reality behind facts.
Facts are the available data.
-Truth is the quality of being
honest and not containing or
telling any lie.
•Accuracy
-is the fact of being exact or correct.
- means not only getting the
objectively verifiable ‘fact’ right –
names, places, dates of birth, quotes,
the results of sporting fixtures – but
accurately reporting opinions
expressed by those who you report.
• How do you know that the
information that you get from various
resources are true and accurate?
To carefully evaluate the truthfulness
and accuracy of the material, you must be
able to question the materials you find in
various media platforms. You must be
empowered with questions that will help
you to seek clarity, question assumptions,
and detect source reliability or bias.
 Here are some of the
indications that
information viewed is
accurate and true.
1. The same information can be found
in other reliable sources.
Take notes of the main facts presented
in the material viewed. Compare it with
multiple sources. Are the information or
facts presented present in other sources?
If the information is the same in multiple
sources then you have a truthful and
accurate information.
2. The sources used for
documentation are known to be
generally reliable.
Establishing the accuracy of
multimedia sources can be challenging
because they often represent a
combination of facts, opinions and
perspectives from different individuals.
Do not trust anonymous sources.
3. The author of the information is known
to have expertise on that subject.
Determining the knowledge and expertise
of the subject or the speaker in a multimedia
source is very important. Anyone can make
an assertion or a statement about something
but only someone who knows that thing can
make a reasonably reliable statement or
assertion about it. Research the person who
is making the statement
4. The presentation is free from
logical fallacies or errors.
An important aspect of accuracy
is the intellectual integrity of the item.
Errors of logic occur primarily in the
presentation of conclusions, opinions,
interpretations, editorials, ideas, etc.
5. Quotations are “in context’” – the
meaning of the original work is kept in
the work which quotes the original.
Statements quoted in the material viewed
must be quoted correctly and accurately. If
it is used in context or in the material
viewed, the meaning of the original
statement must be kept and no opinion and
assumptions about it should be made
Indications that information may not be
accurate and not true:
1. Facts cannot be verified or are contradicted
on the other sources.
2. Sources used are known to be unreliable or
highly biased.
3. Sources used or cited is inadequate or non-
existent.
4. Quotations are taken out of context and
given a different meaning.
Indications that information may not be accurate
and not true:
1. Facts cannot be verified or are contradicted on
the other sources.
2. Sources used are known to be unreliable or highly
biased.
3. Sources used or cited is inadequate or non-
existent.
4. Quotations are taken out of context and given a
different meaning.
• 5. Presence of one or more logical fallacies.
• Information Disorder
- The phrase “information disorder” was
coined by Wardle (2017), First Draft US director
and co-founder. Wardle (2017) argues that the
phrase “fake news” is inadequate to describe the
complexity of deception. Furthermore, the term
“fake news” has been weaponized, mostly by
politicians and their supporters to attack the
professional news media around the world. This
lead Wardle (2017) to create the phrase
information disorder.
 7 Types of Information
Disorder
According to Wardle, (2017)
there are seven common forms
of information disorder.
1.Satire/ Parody
- These types of viewable texts have
no intention to cause harm but has
potential to fool. Content purporting to
be satire will evade the fact-checkers,
and frequently over time, the original
context gets lost: people share and re-
share not realizing the content is satire
and believing that it is true.
2. Misleading Content
- There are also texts that use
misleading information to frame an issue
or an individual. Some common examples
of this technique are selection of a partial
segment from a quote, creating statistics
that support a particular claim but don’t
take into account how the data set was
created, or cropping a photo to frame an
event in a particular way.
3. Imposter Content
- This is when genuine sources are
impersonated. An example of this is
when the logo of a well-known brand
or name is used alongside false
content. The goal of this deception is
to increase the chance that people
will trust the content without
checking the content.
4. Fabricated Content
- The new content is 100%
false. These texts are designed
to deceive and to harm. New
fake social media accounts are
created to spread new and
invented content from it.
5. False Connection
- This is when headlines, visuals, or
captions don’t support the content.
This technique makes claims about
content via a sensational headline, only
to find the headline is horribly
disconnected from the actual article or
piece of content.
6. False Context
- This is when genuine content is
shared with false contextual
information. It often happens during a
breaking news event when old imagery
is re-shared, but it also happens when
old news articles are re-shared as new,
when the headline still potentially fits
with contemporary events.
7. Manipulated Content- -
This is when genuine
information or imagery is
manipulated to deceive. The
genuine content is tampered
with or doctored in some
way.
Activity:
A. Directions: Read and
answer each question.
Write only the LETTER of
the correct answer.
1. It is the quality of being honest and
not containing or telling any lie.
A. Lie C. truth
B. accuracy D. fake news

2. Which of the following does NOT

belong in the group.
A. Imposter Content C. Fabricated Content
B. News Flash D. False Connection
3. In this type of information disorder, there is no
intention to cause harm but has potential to fool.
A. Imposter Content C. Fabricated Content
B. False Connection D. Satire

4. This is when the genuine content is tampered with

or doctored in some way.
A. Satire C. False Connection
B. Fabricated Content D. Manipulated Content
5. It often happens during a breaking news event when
old imagery is re-shared, but it also happens when old
news articles are re-shared as new, when the headline
still potentially fits with contemporary events.
A. Satire C. False Context
B. Fabricated Content D. Manipulated Content

6. It is an element of source verification which refers

to time or place that prompted the author or speaker
to create the material.
A. Purpose C. Tone
B. Occasion D. Subject
7. It is an element of source verification which refers
reason of the author for creating the material.
A. Purpose C. Tone
B. Occasion D. Subject

8. Some common examples of this technique are

selection of a partial segment from a quote, creating
statistics that support a particular claim but don’t
take into account how the data set was created, or
cropping a photo to frame an event in a particular way.
A. Misleading Content C. parody
B. Fabricated Content D. false context
9. An example of this information disorder is
when the logo of a well-known brand or name is
used alongside false content.
A. Imposter Content C. Fabricated Content
B. False Connection D. Satire

10. It is an element of source verification which

refers to the attitude of the author towards the
subject or his audience.
A. Purpose C. tone
B. occasion D. Subject
B. True or False.
Write T if the
statement is true and
F if otherwise.
• _____ 1. All information that we find in different media
platforms are true and accurate.
• _____ 2. Accuracy is the quality or state of being
correct or precise.
• _____ 3. You must decide which sections of a text
merit the most attention in order to assess the value
of ideas.
• _____ 4. Distinguishing important and unimportant
information to identify key ideas or themes is essential
in determining the worth of ideas listened to.
• _____ 5. Important information refers to main ideas or
key topics that you need to better understand the
concept you are listening to.