PROBABILITY

AND STATISTICS
PROBABILITY AND
STATISTICS
PROBABILITY AND
STATISTICS
PROBABILITY AND
STATISTICS
PROBABILITY AND
STATISTICS
Tell whether each event is certain, possible, or
impossible.
1. A mother will give birth to twins.
2. Vinegar is sour
3. You will go sunbathing tonight.
4. A snake will swim in the water.
5. You will make it to top ten students in your class.
PROBABILITY
Probability is the branch of mathematics which concerned
with analyzing the chance that a particular event will occur.
Its purpose is to attempt to predict the likelihood that
something will or will not happen.
PROBABILITY
EXPERIMENT POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
PROBABILITY
EXPERIMENT POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
PROBABILITY
EXPERIMENT POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
PROBABILITY
EXPERIMENT POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
PROBABILITY
Example 1: Construct a sample space for the
following experiment.
PROBABILITY
Experiment is any activity with an observable result.
Outcome is a result of an experiment.
Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes (or sample
point). Thus, in the context of an experiment, the sample
space is our universal set.
PROBABILITY
Example 1: Construct a sample space for the
following experiment.

Experiment: Rolling a single die

Outcomes: 1 dot, 2 dots, 3 dots, 4
dots, 5 dots, 6 dots
Sample Space:
PROBABILITY
Example 2: Write the sample space and the
total number of possible outcomes.

Experiment: Spinning the wheel shown.

Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sample Space:
PROBABILITY
Example 3: Write the sample space and
the total number of possible outcomes.

Experiment: Drawing a card at

random from a deck of hearts
Outcomes: A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K
Sample Space:
PROBABILITY
Experiment is any activity with an observable result.
Outcome is a result of an experiment.
Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes (or sample
point). Thus, in the context of an experiment, the sample
space is our universal set.
Event is a subset of the sample space.
PROBABILITY
Example 1: Construct a sample space for the
following experiment. Find the event that an
odd number is rolled.
Experiment: Rolling a single die
Outcomes: 1 dot, 2 dots, 3 dots, 4
dots, 5 dots, 6 dots
Sample Space:
Event:
 PROBABILITY
Example 2: Write the sample space and the total number
of possible outcomes. Find the event that the arrow will
land on an even number.
Experiment: Spinning the wheel shown.

Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sample Space:
Event:
 PROBABILITY
Example 2: Write the sample space and the total
number of possible outcomes. Find the event that the
a face card will be drawn.
Experiment: Drawing a card at
random from a deck of hearts
Outcomes: A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K
Sample Space:
Event:
PROBABILITY
EXAMPLE 2: Construct a sample space for
the following experiment. Find the event that
two heads are tossed.
Experiment: Tossing two coins
Outcomes:
PROBABILITY
We can count the number of occurrences of an outcome in
an experiment by:

a. Table
b. Tree diagram
TABLE
First Toss Second Toss Outcomes
Head
Head Head
Head
Head Tail HeadT
ail
Tail
Tail Head
Head
Tail Tail Tail
Tail
TREE DIAGRAM
First Toss Second Toss Outcomes
HH

HT

TH

TT
PROBABILITY
EXAMPLE 2: Construct a sample space for
the following experiment. Find the event that
two heads are tossed.
Experiment: Tossing two coins
Outcomes: Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-
Head, Tail-Tail
Sample Space:
Event:
PROBABILITY
EXAMPLE 2: Construct a sample space for
the following experiment. Find the event that
at least one tail is tossed.
Experiment: Tossing two coins
Outcomes: Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-
Head, Tail-Tail
Sample Space:
Event:
PROBABILITY
EXAMPLE 3: Select one card from a box
containing 10 card numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 10,
respectively. Find the event that the cards
numbered are less than 5.

Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sample Space:
Event:
PROBABILITY
EXAMPLE 3: Select one card from a box
containing 10 card numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 10,
respectively. Find the event that the cards
numbered does not have an even number.

Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sample Space:
Event:
PROBABILITY
Using the following choices, create a Tree Diagram for each
of the given.
1. Lunch:
Rice: White rice, Fried rice
Let WR for White Rice, FR for Fried Rice
Main Dish: Adobo, Sinigang, Paksiw
Let A for Adobo, S for Sinigang, P for Paksiw
PROBABILITY
Using the following choices, create a Tree Rice:
Diagram for each of the given. WR = White Rice, FR = Fried Rice
Main Dish:
A = Adobo, S = Sinigang, P = Paksiw
Rice: Main Dish: Outcomes:
A WRA Outcomes: WRA, WRS,
WR S WRS WRP, FRA, FRS, FRP
P WRP
A FRA Sample Space: S={WRA,
FR S FRS WRS, WRP, FRA, FRS,
P FRP FRP}
n(S) = 6
 PROBABILITY
James owns 2 pair pants and 4 plain colored shirts. In how many ways James can mix
and match his clothes? Use tree diagram to justify your answer.
 PROBABILITY
James owns 2
pair pants and 4
plain colored
shirts. In how n(S) = 8
many ways
James can mix
and match his
clothes? Use tree
diagram to justify
your answer.
PROBABILITY
How many ways can you mix and match 4 shirts, 2 pair
of jeans, and two pairs of shoes?
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING
PRINCIPLE
If there are ways to do a task, and ways to do
another, then there are ways of doing both.
PROBABILITY
How many ways can you mix and match 4 shirts, 2
pairs of jeans, and two pairs of shoes?
Solution:
Given: 4 shirts, 2 pairs of jeans, 2 pairs of shoes
4 ×2 ×2 ¿ 16 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
PROBABILITY
Jao has 7 shirts, 4 pairs of pants, 2 pairs of shoes. How
many different “shirt-pants-shoe” outfits does he have?

Solution:
Given: 7 shirts, 4 pairs of jeans, 2 pairs of shoes
7 × 4 × 2 ¿ 56 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠