voiceless voiced

Assimilation
• Assimilation in linguistics occurs when a sound
changes to become like a neighboring sound.
Assimilation can be progressive or regressive as well
as full or partial. Assimilation can also be classified as
assimilation of place, assimilation of manner, or
assimilation of voice.
 Elision
• In phonetics and phonology, elision is the omission of
a sound (a phoneme) in speech. Elision is common in
casual conversation. More specifically, elision may
refer to the omission of an unstressed vowel,
consonant, or syllable. This omission is often indicated
in print by an apostrophe
• Elision is the omission of sounds, syllables or words in
speech. This is done to make the language easier to
say, and faster. 'I don't know' /I duno/ , /kamra/ for
camera, and 'fish 'n' chips' are all examples of elision.
 ‫ استخر و استرخ‬-‫ قفل و قلف‬-‫فالسک و فالکس‬
• Metathesis (/mɪˈtæθɪsɪs/; from Greek μετάθεσις, from μετ
ατίθημι "I put in a different order"; Latin: transpositio) is the
transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a
sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or
more contiguous segments or syllables, known as adjacent
metathesis[1] or local metathesis:[2]
• foliage > **foilage (adjacent segments)
• anemone > **anenome (adjacent syllables)
• cavalry > **calvary (codas of adjacent syllables)
 fusion
• In phonetics and historical linguistics, fusion, or coalescence,
is a sound change where two or more segments with distinctive
features merge into a single segment. This can occur both on
consonants and in vowels.
• A word like educate is one that may exhibit fusion, e.g. /ɛdjʊkeɪt/ or
/ˈɛdʒʊkeɪt/. A merger between two segments can also occur between
word boundaries, an example being the phrase got ya being
pronounced like gotcha /ɡɒtʃə/. Most cases of fusion lead to
allophonic variation, though some sequences of segments may lead
to wholly distinct phonemes.
• Coalescent assimilation (CA), where alveolar obstruents /t, d, s, z/ in
word-final position merge with word-initial /j/ to produce
postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/, is one of the most wellknown connected
speech processes in English.
 yod coalescence
• yod coalescence (uncountable) (phonology) A process in English
phonology whereby the clusters [dj], [tj], [sj], and [zj] become [dʒ],
[tʃ], [ʃ], and [ʒ], respectively, through mutual assimilation
• A word like educate is one that may exhibit fusion, e.g.
/ɛdjʊkeɪt/ or /ˈɛdʒʊkeɪt/. A merger between two segments can
also occur between word boundaries, an example being the
phrase got ya being pronounced like gotcha /ɡɒtʃə/.
 vowel harmony
• In phonology, vowel harmony is an assimilatory process in which the
vowels of a given domain - typically a phonological word - have to be
members of the same natural class (thus "in harmony"). Vowel
harmony is typically long distance, meaning that the affected vowels
do not need to be immediately adjacent, and there can be intervening
segments between the affected vowels. Generally one vowel will
trigger a shift in other vowels, either progressively or regressively,
within the domain, such that the affected vowels match the relevant
feature of the trigger vowel.
 Vowel harmony
• Definition:
• Vowel harmony is a type of assimilation which takes place when
vowels come to share certain features with contrastive vowels
elsewhere in a word or phrase (Crystal 1992 168 )
• VOWEL HARMONY
• Definition:
• Replacing the unstressed vowel in a multisyllabic word with the
vowel that receives the primary stress.
• Examples: Peter /ˈpitə/ → /piti/ (progressive)
• agree /əˈgri/ → /igri/ (regressive)
dissimilation
 Dissimilation
• In phonology, particularly within historical linguistics, dissimilation is a
phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word
become less similar. In English, dissimilation is particularly common
with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a
sequence
insertion
Suprasegmental features