https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.

uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/

1. Phonology
phonology is the study of the categorical organisation of speech sounds in languages; how
speech sounds are organised in the mind and used to convey meaning
2. Phonology vs Phonetics
Phonology is concerned with the abstract
phonetics is concerned with the physical properties of sounds.

In phonetics we can see infinite realisations, for example every time you say a ‘p’ it will slightly
different than the other times you’ve said it. However, in phonology all productions are the
same sound within the language’s phoneme inventory, therefore even though every ‘p’ is
produced slightly different every time, the actual sound is the same.

This highlights a key difference between phonetic and phonology as even though no two ‘p’s are
the same, they represent the same sound in the language.
 3. Phonetics and phonology are related to each other in that
they are both concerned with the sounds in languages.
syntax is the study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases,
clauses, and sentences.

- Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. While phonetics
analyzes all the possible sounds in human languages, phonology analyzes the sound pattern of a
particular language to determine which sounds are phonemes and which are just allophones in a
specific language (allophone is a variant of a sound that cannot be used to distinguish meaning- for
example, [pʰ] and [p] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in english because you never found two
words in english that have different meaning only because of these two sounds.).

- semantics is the study of meaning.

4.

5. A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a

systematic phonological or morphophonological process
or diachronic sound change in language.
Phonological rules can be roughly divided into four types:[12]

 Assimilation: When a sound changes one of its features to be more similar to an adjacent
sound. This is the kind of rule that occurs in the English plural rule described above—the -
s becomes voiced or voiceless depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is voiced.
 Dissimilation: When a sound changes one of its features to become less similar to an adjacent
sound, usually to make the two sounds more distinguishable. This type of rule is often seen
among people speaking a language that is not their native language, where the sound contrasts
may be difficult.[12]
 Insertion: When an extra sound is added between two others. This also occurs in the English
plural rule: when the plural morpheme z is added to "bus," "bus-z" would be unpronounceable
for most English speakers, so a short vowel (the schwa, [ə]) is inserted between [s] and the [z].
 Deletion: When a sound, such as a stressless syllable or a weak consonant, is not pronounced;
for example, most American English speakers do not pronounce the [d] in "handbag".

6. deixis (/ˈdaɪksɪs/) [1]

refers to words and phrases, such as "me" or "here", that cannot
be fully understood without additional contextual information—in this case, the identity of the
speaker ("me") and the speaker's location ("here").
 Personal -------- Pronoun
 Spatial -----location
 Temporal ------- time

7.