Chapter 7-8 - Drilling Bits Cost

Drilling Engineering
EE047-4-2-DRE / VE1
Drilling Bits & Cost

TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE
LESSON
• Drilling bits and types

• Cost of drilling bits and the whole operations
EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able to:

– Drilling bits and types
– Calculation of drilling bits costs (C4, PLO2)

KEY TERMS YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO USE
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assessments: -
– Drilling bits types and specifications
– Cost of drilling bits and the whole drilling

Outline
• Types and classification of drilling bits
• IADC classification of drilling bits
• Drilling cost and its importance
• Calculation of drilling cost

Rock Bits Types
(Roller Cone Bits; Tricone Bit)

Rock Bits Types
(Roller Cone Bits; Tricone Bit)
• The roller-cone bit has conical cutters or cones that have spiked
teeth round them.
• As the drillstring is rotated, the bit cones roll along the bottom of the
hole in a circle.
• As they roll, new teeth come in contact with the bottom of the hole,
crushing the rock immediately below and around the bit tooth.
• As the cone rolls, the tooth then lifts off the bottom of the hole and a
high velocity fluid jet strikes the crushed rock chips to remove them
from the bottom of the hole and up the annulus.
• There are two main types of roller-cone bits, steel milled-tooth bits
and carbide insert bits.

Steel Milled-Tooth Bits

Tungsten Carbide Insert Bit
Jets nozzles

Rock Bits Types
Diamond Bits; Polycrystalline Diamond
Compact (PDC)
• A drilling tool that uses polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters
to shear rock with a continuous scraping motion.
• These cutters are synthetic diamond disks about 1/8-in. thick and about
1/2 to 1 in. in diameter. This type of bit has no rotating parts.
Jet nozzles

Rock Bits Types
(Diamond Bits)
• The bit body is made of tungsten
carbide and has a series of jet nozzles
in the central part to permit the
circulation of the drilling fluid.
• The external and central surfaces are

covered by small natural diamonds
directly inserted in the bit body.
• This type of bit has no rotating parts.

Rock Bits Types
(Core Bits)

Rock Bits Types

Rock Bits Types

Roller Cone Bit Classification
• Roller-cone bits are generally classified as either tungsten carbide

insert (TCI) bits or milled-tooth bits.
• To assist in comparison of similar products from various

manufacturers, the International Association of Drilling Contractors
(IADC) has established a unified bit classification system for the
naming of drill bits.

IADC Roller Cone Bit Classification
Method
• The IADC Roller-Cone Bit Classification Method is an industry-wide standard
for the description of milled-tooth and insert-type roller-cone bits.
• The IADC classification system is a four-character design and application-

related code. The first three characters are always numeric; the last character is
always alphabetic. The first digit refers to bit series, the second to bit type, the
third to bearings and gauge arrangement, and the fourth (alphabetic) character
to bit features.
• IADC classification method:

– Series
– Type
– Bearing design and gauge protection
– Included features

How to Read the IADC Code?

Series of Bit
• The first digit represents the hardness of rock formation the drilling tool
buttons are suited for.
• Every drill bit is designed for a certain type of rock formation, ranked
according to hardness.
• The tool is assigned a number between 1 and 8 indicating the type of

rock the teeth or buttons of a drilling tool are designed for:
– Series 1, 2, 3: indicates a steel milled tooth
(1 = soft, 2 = medium, 3 = hard)
– Series 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8: indicates a tungsten carbide insert (TCI).
(4 = soft, 8 = hard)

Type of Bit
• The second character in the IADC categorization system represents

bit type, insert or milled tooth, and describes a degree of formation
hardness. Type ranges from 1 through 4.
• Type 1 = soft formation

• Type 2 = medium formation
• Type 3 = hard formation
• Type 4 = very hard formation

FEATURES
Sealed Friction Bearing

Sealled Roller Bearing
Gauge Protection
Gauge Protection
Gauge Protected
Sealed Friction
IADC BIT CLASSIFICATION FORM
Roller Bearing
Roller Bearing
Roller Bearing
Sealled Roller
Directional
Air Cooled
Standard
Bearing
Bearing
Other
SERIES
TYPES
FORMATIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Soft formations with low 1

Milled-Tooth Bits
2
1 compressive strenght and high
3
drillability 4
1
Medium to med-hard formations 2
2
with high compressive strenght 3
4
1
Hard semi-abrassive and abrassive 2
3
formations 3
4
2
4 compressive strenght and high
3
drillability 4
1
5
compressive strenght 3
4
Insert Bits
1
Medium hard formations with high 2
6
compressive strenght 3
4
1
Hard semi-abrasive and abrassive 2
7
formations 3
4
1
Extremely hard and abrasive 2
8
formations 3
4
FEATURE (2)
CO DE FEATURE CO DE FEATURE
A Air application N
B O
C Center jet P
D Deviation control O
E Extended jets R Reinforced welds
F S Standard steel teeth
G Extra gauge/body protection T
H U
I V
J Jet deflection W
K X Chisel insert
L Y Conical insert
M Z Other insert
IADC Code of Roller-Cone Bits
 Code: 5 2 2 R

5 = code for "insert bits“

2 = code for "soft to medium formation“
2 = code for "roller bearing air cooled“
R = code for "reinforced welds"


Fixed Cutter Bits

Fixed Cutter Bits Classification
1. Cutter type and body material

2. Cross-section profile
3. Hydraulic design
4. Cutter size and density

Fixed Cutter Bits Waterways

Fixed Cutter Bits IADC Code
 First code designations are
D - natural diamond/matrix body
M -polycrystalline diamond cutters/matrix body
S - polycrystalline diamond cutters/steel body
T - thermally stable polycrystalline diamond cutters/matrix body
O - other
 Second code designations are

1. long taper/deep cone
2. long taper/medium cone
3. long taper/shallow or no cone (parabolic)
4. medium taper/deep cone
5. medium taper/medium cone
6. medium taper/shallow or no cone(rounded)
7. short taper/deep cone (inverted)
8. short taper/medium cone
9. short taper/shallow or no cone (flat)

 Third code designations are
1. bladed/changeable jets
2. bladed/fixed ports
3. bladed/open throat
4. ribbed/changeable jets
5. ribbed/fixed ports
6. ribbed/open throat
7. open face/changeable jets
8. open face/fixed ports
9. open face/open throat
10. alternative codes
a. radial flow
b. cross flow
c. other
 Fourth code designations are
1. cutter size; large, medium, and small

2. cutter density; light, medium, heavy
Example
 Code: M 5 8 2

M = code for "polycrystalline diamond cutters/matrix
body“
5 = code for "medium taper/medium cone“
8 = code for "fixed ports/open face“
2= code for "medium cutter size/light cutter density"

Cutting Mechanisms

Fixed-Cutter Bits vs. Roller-Cone Bits

Fixed-Cutter Bits vs. Roller-Cone Bits
(Cutting Action)

Rock Failure Models
 Two rock failure models are recognized: the tension and shear
 It has been argued that the shear type action is more efficient
than the tension model.

Bit Selection
Comparison must be made between Or, between bits used to drill same
succeeding bits in a given well. formations at different wells.

Bit Selection
• Bit selection in a wildcat area can be made on the
basis of:
– Drilling cost
– Drillability & abrasiveness.
• Drillability
– A measure of how easy is to drill.
– Inversely related to the compressive strength of the rock
• Abrasiveness
– A measure of how rapidly the teeth of a milled tooth bit will wear
when drilling the formation.
– The abrasiveness tends to increase as the drillability decreases.

Bit Selection
• In the absence of previous bit records, several

rules of thumb often are used for initial bit
selection.
• Note that the $/ft must eventually be the final

criterion applied.
1. The IADC classification charts provide an

approximate listing of the bit types applicable in
a given formation hardness.
IADC Bit
Formation
Classification
1-1 Soft formations having low compressive strength and high drillability
1-2
5-1 (soft shales, clays, red beds, salt, soft limestone, unconsolidated formations,
6-2 etc.)
Soft to medium formations or soft interspersed with harder streaks

1-3
6-1 (firm, unconsolidated or sandy shales, red beds, salt, anhydrite, soft limestones,
etc.)
Medium to medium hard formations
2-1
6-2 (harder shales, sandy shales, shales alternating with streaks of sand and
limestones, etc.)
Medium hard abrasive formations
2-3
6-2
(high compressive strength rock, dolomite, hard limestone, hard slaty shale, etc.)
3-1 Hard semi abrasive formations
7-2
(hard sandy or chert bearing limestone, dolomite, granite, chert, etc.)
3-2 Hard abrasive formations
3-4
8-1 (chert, quartzite, pyrite, granite, hard sand rock, etc.)

Bit Selection
2. The initial bit type and features selected should be

governed by bit cost considerations.
– CBit< CRig/day
i.e.
– Premium RCB features and high-cost diamond and PCD
drag bits tend to be more applicable when CRig/dayis high.
– Tri-cone RCB are the most versatile bit type available
and are a good initial choice for the shallow portion of the
well.

Bit Selection
3. When using RCB:
– Use the longest tooth size possible.

– A small amount of tooth breakage should be
tolerated rather than selecting a shorter tooth
size.
– When the rate of tooth wear is much less than the
rate of bearing wear, select a shorter tooth size, a
more economical bearing design, or apply more
WOB.

Bit Selection
4. Diamond drag bits perform best in nonbrittle

formations having a plastic mode of failure.
– i.e. in the bottom portion of a deep well, where the

high cost of tripping operations favors a long bit
life, and a small hole size favors the simplicity of a
drag bit design.

Bit Selection
5. PDC drag bits perform best in uniform

sections of carbonates or evaporites that are
not broken up with hard shale stringers or
other brittle rock types.
6. PDC drag bits should not be used in gummy

formations, which have a strong tendency to
stick to the bit cutters.

Rolling Cutter Bit Dull Grading
• The IADC has adopted a numerical

code for reporting the degree of bit wear
relative to
Teeth
Bearings
Gauge

Grading Dull Bits

Grading Dull Bits
• The tooth wear of milled tooth bit is

graded in terms of the fractional tooth
height that has been WORN AWAY
– It is reported to the nearest eighth. 1
New T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

Grading Dull Bits

Grading Dull Bits

Grading Dull Bits

Grading Dull Bits

Grading Dull Bits
– It may be difficult to characterize the tooth wear of an entire bit with a

single number. Some teeth may be worn more than others, and some
may be broken.
– Generally, the broken teeth are indicated by recording “BT” in a

“remarks” column, and the average wear of the row teeth with the
most severe wear is reported.
– The best way to obtain the tooth wear is to measure the tooth height
before and after the bit run. With experience, more rapid visual
estimates are usually satisfactory.
– There are times when T3 will not drill, but this does not mean it
should be reported as T8. Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost
EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Slide 50
Grading Dull Bits
• The cutting structures of insert bits generally are too

hard to abrade as significantly as a milled steel tooth.
– The tooth inserts become broken or lost rather than worn.
– Thus, the tooth wear usually is reported as the fraction of the

total number of inserts that have been broken or lost to the
nearest eight.
– Thus, an insert bit with half the inserts broken or lost would
be graded a T4
i.e., 4/8 of the inserts are broken or lost

Grading Bearing Wear
• Field evaluation of bearing wear is very difficult.
– i.e., the bit would have to be disassembled to examine the

condition of the bearings.
– An examination of the dull bit will reveal only whether the

bearings have failed or are still intact.
• Bearing failure usually results in:
1. One or more “locked” cones so that they will no longer

rotate or
2. One or more extremely loose cones so that the bearings
have become exposed
Bearing Wear
• A bearing failure is reported using the code ‘B’
– i.e., B8 means the bearings are 8/8 worn.

– A slightly loose cone usually is reported as B7
• When bearing wear cannot be detected, it usually is

estimated based on the number of hours of bearing
life that the drilling engineer thought the bearings
would last.
– Linear bearing wear with time is assumed.
– i.e., if a bit was pulled after 10 hrs of operation and the

drilling engineer felt the bearings should have lasted an
additional 10 hrs, the bearing wear will be reported as a B4.
Bearing Wear

Grading Gauge Wear

Grading Gauge Wear
• When the bit wears excessively in the base area of the

rolling cones, the bit will drill an undersized hole.
– Causes damage of the next bit run.
• A ring gauge and a ruler must be used to measure the

amount of gauge wear.
– The lost of diameter must be reported to the nearest eighth.
– G-O-4 indicates out-of-gauge and 50% worn
– G-I indicates in-gauge

Additional Comments
• In addition to grading the bearings, teeth, and
gauge of the bit, additional comments about the bit
condition may be necessary.
Bit Body Conditions Bearing Conditions
Damaged bit DB Bearing failure BF
Eroded nozzle EN Broken bearing pin BP
Lost nozzle LN Broken rollers BR
Plugged nozzle PN Cone locked CL
Cone teeth Conditions Lost cone LC
Broken teeth BT Lost rollers LR
Balled up BU Seal failure SF
Cone dragged CD
Cored CR ETC
Off-centered wear OC

Terminating a Bit Run
– The use of bearing and tooth wear equations will provide a

rough estimate of when the bit will be completely worn.
– When the bearings become badly worn, one or more of the

cones frequently will lock and cause a sudden increase or
large fluctuation in the rotary torque.
– When the ROP decreases rapidly, it may be advisable pull

bit out.

DRILLING BITS COST

Drilling Bits Cost

Round Trip Cost
Tripping” or “Making a Bit. Trip” is pulling a worn-out
bit up from the bottom of a drill hole. A “trip” means pulling up the
bit.
The bits have a life expectancy in hours, given the hardness of the
rock material that they go through.
When a rotary bit or button bit wears out, it will “drop a cone”, a piece
of hardened metal that is part of the spinning head. Drillers avoid that
by “tripping” after the bit starts to become dull and the drilling rate
decreases.
Round trip time (12 hours, generally) – A general estimate for a

competent crew is that the round trip requires one hour per thousand
feet of hole - plus an hour or two for handling collars and bits. At that
rate, a round trip in a ten thousand-foot well might take twelve hours.

Conditioning during Round Trip
• The hole has to be conditioned for tripping out.

• When the trip is made, the rig is not drilling and the mud is
not circulating.
• You don’t want the mud left in the hole to be too dense, or it
will break down the bottom formations, escape and
sometimes visit the hole of the next rig over the hill (I mean
that partly in jest). If the mud is too light, any gas zone will
push its contents into the hole and the gas will “come up and
see you”. That is a “blow out”.
• When the bit is back in the hole, circulation has to be restored
and in balance for drilling to continue.

Stages of Round Trip
Tripping can be divided into two process :
1.Running in hole : in which drill pipes are joined

and the bit is lowered to the bottom of the hole.
2.Pulling out of hole : in which pipes are removed

from the hole.

Types of Trips
Commonly, there are three types of trips in Drilling:
1. Round Trip : Running in the stands to the bottom of the well

bore and then pulling out completely out of the hole , i.e.,
surface.
2. Wiper Trip : Pulling out up to the previous shoe and then
again running in to the bottom.
3. Short Trip: After the cementing has been done, cement
cleaning and further Drilling is carried out. Sometimes it
requires to pull out the bit up to certain depth due to any reason.
Hence the pulling out of the newly drilled section and again
running it to the bottom is called short trip.

Total Drilling Cost Per Foot

Exercise 1

Trip Time Calculation
ROUND TRIP TIME

 Trip times may be taken .0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
D
from the IADC tour sheet or E 0
may be taken from the P
Geolograph unit or some T 5
H
other device.
10
1
0
 A chart versus depth must be 0 15
0
constructed for each rig for f
ultimate analyses. t
20
TRIP TIME (hours)

Trip Time Calculation
 A bit is run at a depth of 8,000 feet and pulled at a
depth of 8,500 feet. How many hours is the trip
time for this bit?
ROUND TRIP TIME
.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
From the chart a round D
E 0
trips at 8,000 feet and P
T 5
8,500 feet require 5.2 H
hours and 5.7 hours, 1

10
respectively. 0
0 15
0
f
20
Trip T=(5.2+5.7)/2=5.45 hr t
TRIP TIME (hours)

Drilling Cost Calculation

Drilling Cost Calculation
Exercise
 Following performance data is given for sandstone:

ITEM STEEL TOOTH (milled tooth) INSERT TOOTH

Bit Cost $277.88 $1521.32
Trip 6:18 hrs/min 6:32 hrs/min
Rotation Time 10:01 hrs/min 58:42 hrs/min
Down Time None None
Bit Footage 180 ft 880.5 ft
Rig Cost Rate 375 $/hr 375 $/hr
Fraction Tooth Wear 1/2 Not Applicable
Fraction Bearing Wear 6/8 8/8
Bit Size 7-7/8 in. 7-7/8 in.
Bit Weight 30,000 lbs 40,000 lbs
Rotary Speed 85 rpm 60 rpm

277.88  375 (6.3  10.1)
TCFSteel 
180
35.71
TCFSteel $
ft
1521.32  375 (6.3  58)

TCFInsert 
880.5
29.11
TCFInsert $
ft
QUICK REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What are the different types of drilling bits?

• What are the specifications of roller-cone and PDC
bits for weak and competent formations?
• How is the drilling costs evaluated in association with
the bit cost and drilling action?

SUMMARY OF MAIN TEACHING
POINTS
• Drilling bits types and specifications

• Drilling bit costs calculations

QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION
Q&A

WHAT WE WILL COVER NEXT
• Drilling hole problems and Bottomhole Assembly

(BHA)

Chapter 7-8 - Drilling Bits Cost

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Drilling Engineering

Drilling Bits & Cost

• Drilling bits and types

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 2

• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able to:

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 3

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 4

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 5

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 6

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 7

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 8

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 9

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 11

• The external and central surfaces are

• This type of bit has no rotating parts.

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 12

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 14

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 15

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 16

• Roller-cone bits are generally classified as either tungsten carbide

• To assist in comparison of similar products from various

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 17

• The IADC classification system is a four-character design and application-

• IADC classification method:

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 18

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 19

• The tool is assigned a number between 1 and 8 indicating the type of

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 20

• The second character in the IADC categorization system represents

• Type 1 = soft formation

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 21

Sealed Friction Bearing

Soft formations with low 1

5 = code for "insert bits“

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 24

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 25

1. Cutter type and body material

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 26

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 27

 Second code designations are

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 28

 Fourth code designations are

1. cutter size; large, medium, and small

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 30

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 31

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 32

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 33

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 34

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 35

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 36

• In the absence of previous bit records, several

• Note that the $/ft must eventually be the final

1. The IADC classification charts provide an

Soft to medium formations or soft interspersed with harder streaks

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 38

2. The initial bit type and features selected should be

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 39

– Use the longest tooth size possible.

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 40

4. Diamond drag bits perform best in nonbrittle

– i.e. in the bottom portion of a deep well, where the

EE047-4-2-Drilling Engineering Ch7-8-Drilling Bits and Cost Slide 41

5. PDC drag bits perform best in uniform