Descriptive Statistics

Presented by : Joyza Bautista

TOPICS Introduction to Descriptive Statistics
Tools:
Measures of Central Tendency
Measure of Variability/ Dispersion
Measures of Position
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Introduction to
Descriptive Statistics

Population – is the entirety of the group including all set

of data
Sample – contains a few member of the population to
represent the characteristics or traits of the population.
Descriptive Statistics - used to describe the basic
features of the data in a study. Graphs can be used to
represent given data.

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Measures

of

Central
Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

MEAN
the sum of a variable's values divided by the total number of
values

EXAMPLE :

Find the mean of this set of data : 55, 64, 59, 72, 71

55 + 64 + 59 + 72 +71 64.2
MEAN = =
5

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MEDIAN
the middle number in a set of data arranged numerically.

EXAMPLE :

Find the median of this set of data : 92, 82, 80, 92, 78, 75, 95,
77, and 77.

Arrange the data in order: 75, 77, 77, 78, 80, 82, 92, 92, and 95

Middle Value (Median) = 80

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MODE
The value that occurs most often

EXAMPLE :

Find the mode of this set of data : 81, 85, 89,89,90

Mode = 89

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Measures

of

Variability/
Dispersion

Range, Variance,
Standard Deviation,
Range
The distance between the minimum and the maximum

EXAMPLE :

Find the range of this set of data : 81, 85, 89,89,90

Lowest is 81 and Highest 90.

RANGE = 90-81 = 9

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 Variance
The average of the squared differences from the mean

EXAMPLE :

Find the variance of this set of data : 81, 85, 89,89,90

Mean = 81+85+89+89+90 = 86.8

5
Variance = (81-86.8)2 + (85-86.8)2+ (89-86.8)2+ (89-86.8)2 + (90-86.8)2
5
Variance = 11.36

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Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance measures the dispersion of scores
around the mean, indicate the dispersion of the data

EXAMPLE :
Find the standard deviation of this set of data : 81, 85,
89,89,90 (problem from last slide)

Mean = 86.8 , Variance = 11.36

Standard Deviation = 3.37

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 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
The way to get started is to quit talking and
begin doing.
Walt Disney

SD =3.37
M =86.8

80.06 83.43 89
90.17 93.54
76.69 96.91
85 89 90
81

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Measures

of

POSITION

Percentile, Quartile,
Standard Score
PERCENTILE
Values that divide a set of observations into 100 equal parts
Percentile rank = p / 100 x (n + 1)
where P = percentile,
N = number of values in a data set (sorted from smallest
to largest),
n = ordinal rank of a given value. 
Or
Percentile = (Number of Values Below “x” / Total Number
of Values) × 100

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 Example:
The weights of 10 people were recorded in kg as 35, 38, 42, 49,
58, 65, 70, 75, 81, 90. Find the percentile for the weight 58kg.

Given:
Number of people with weight below 58kg = 4

Using percentile formula,

Percentile = (number of values below 58kg/total number of

values) x 100

Percentile 58kg = (4/10)x100 = 40

Therefore, the percentile for weight 58kg is 40.

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QUARTILE
A rank-ordered data set into four equal part

Where;
N = total number values

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 Example:
Compute the Q1 for the data relation to the marks of 8 students
in a stat examination given below 25, 48, 32, 52, 21, 64, 29, 57
Given:
n=8
Arranged numbers = 21, 25, 29, 32, 48, 52, 57, 64

= 26

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STANDARD SCORE
a z-score (also called a standard score) gives you an idea of
how far from the mean a data point is. But more technically it’s
a measure of how many standard deviations below or above
the population mean a raw score is.

Where;
Z1 = z score
Xi = specific value
X= mean
S= standard deviation

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Example:
Find the z score of 81 from this set of data : 81, 85, 89,89,90

Mean = 86.8 , Variance = 11.36

Standard Deviation = 3.37

Z = 81 – 86.8
= -1.72
3.37

Therefore, the distance of 81 is -1.72 standard

deviations from the left of the mean.

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 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
The way to get started is to quit talking and
begin doing.
Walt Disney

SD =3.37
M =86.8

89

-3 -2
81
-1 -1.72sd
85 89 90
1 2 3
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 References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_statistics
https://baselinesupport.campuslabs.com/hc/en-us/articles/204305665-Types-of-Descriptive-
Statistics
https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/descriptive-statistics/
https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics
https://www.cuemath.com/percentile-formula/
Insert photo here
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variance.asp
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704_probability/bs704_probability10.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkEjYloGRIE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VDafmUys04

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Thank you po.

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