KİMYASAL BAĞLAR-I:

TEMEL KAVRAMLAR
Değerlik elektronları, bir atomun dış kabuk elektronlarıdır.
Değerlik elektronları, kimyasal bağa katılan elektronlardır.

Grup e- konfigürasyonu valans e sayısı

1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
A Grubu Elementleri ve Soy gazlar
için Lewis Nokta Sembolleri
 İyonik Bağ

Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
[He] [Ne]
Li Li+ + e-

e + - F F -

Li+ + F - Li+ F -
 Elektrostatik (Kafes) Enerji
Kafes (Lattice) enerjisi (E), bir mol katı iyonik bileşiği gaz
halindeki iyonlara tamamen ayırmak için gereken enerjidir.

Q+ katyon üzerindeki yük

E = k Q +Q - Q- anyon üzerindeki yük
r
r iyon merkezleri arasındaki mesafedir.

bileşik kafes enerjisi

MgF2 2957 Q= +2,-1
Kafes enerjisi (E), Q arttıkça MgO 3938 Q= +2,-2
ve/veya r azaldıkça artar.
LiF 1036
r F- < r Cl-
LiCl 853
 Kovalent bağ, iki veya daha fazla elektronun iki atom
tarafından paylaşıldığı kimyasal bir bağdır.

Neden iki atom elektronları paylaşmalıdır?

F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

F2‘nin Lewis yapısı

tekli kovalent bağ İyon çiftleri F F İyon çiftleri

tekli kovalent bağ

İyon çiftleri F F İyon çiftleri
Suyun Lewis yapısı tekli kovalent bağlar

H + O + H H O H veya H O H
2e-8e-2e-

Çift bağ – iki atom iki çift elektronu paylaşır

O C O veya O C O
çift bağlar

Üçlü bağlar – iki atom üç çift elektronu paylaşır

N N veya N N

üçlü bağ
Polar kovalent bağ veya polar bağ, iki atomdan
birinin çevresinde daha fazla elektron yoğunluğuna
sahip bir kovalent bağdır.

Elektronca zengin bölge

Elektronca fakir
bölge e- ‘ca fakir e-‘ca zengin

H F H F
+ -

9.5
Elektronegatiflik, bir atomun kimyasal bir bağdaki
elektronları kendine çekme yeteneğidir.

Elektron ilgisi - ölçülebilir, Cl en yüksektir.

X (g) + e- X-(g)

Elektronegativite - nisbidir, F en yüksektir.

Elementlerin Elektronegatiflikleri
Variation of Electronegativity with Atomic Number

9.5
Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity

Approximate Difference Bond Type

0 to 0.4 Nonpolar Covalent
2 or greater Ionic
0.5 to 1.9 Polar Covalent

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic

share e- equally partial transfer of e- transfer e-

9.5
 Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2O; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 O – 3.5 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Nonpolar

Covalent

9.5
 Writing Lewis Structures

1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing

what atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for
each negative charge. Subtract 1 for each
positive charge.
3. Complete an octet for all atoms except
hydrogen
4. If structure contains too many electrons, form
double and triple bonds on central atom as
needed.
9.6
Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms and complete
octets on N and F atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?

3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons

F N F

9.6
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-

2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

1 double bond = 4
O C O 8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
Total = 24
O
9.6
 Two possible skeletal structures of formaldehyde (CH2O)

H
H C O H C O
H

An atom’s formal charge is the difference between the

number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and the
number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis
structure.
formal charge total number
total number total number
( )
on an atom in of valence 1
electrons in - -
a Lewis
= of nonbonding of bonding
electrons 2 electrons
structure the free atom

The sum of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule

or ion must equal the charge on the molecule or ion.
9.7
 -1 +1 C – 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
H C O H O – 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
2H – 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12

formal charge total number

total number total number
( )
on an atom in of valence 1
electrons in - -
a Lewis
= of nonbonding of bonding
electrons 2 electrons
structure the free atom

formal charge
on C
= 4 -2 - ½ x 6 = -1

formal charge
on O
= 6 -2 - ½ x 6 = +1

9.7
 H 0 0 C – 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
C O O – 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
H 2H – 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12

formal charge total number

total number total number
( )
on an atom in of valence 1
electrons in - -
a Lewis
= of nonbonding of bonding
electrons 2 electrons
structure the free atom

formal charge
on C
= 4 - 0 -½ x 8 = 0

formal charge
on O
= 6 -4 - ½ x 4 = 0

9.7
 Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there
are no formal charges is preferable to one in which
formal charges are present.
2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less
plausible than those with small formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of
formal charges, the most plausible structure is the one in
which negative formal charges are placed on the more
electronegative atoms.
Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O?

-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H
9.7
A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures
for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by
only one Lewis structure.

+ - - +
O O O O O O

What are the resonance structures of the

carbonate (CO32-) ion?

- - - -
O C O O C O O C O

O O O
- - 9.8
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The Incomplete Octet

Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-

B – 3e- 3 single bonds (3x2) = 6

3F – 3x7e- F B F
BF3 9 lone pairs (9x2) = 18
24e- Total = 24
F

9.9
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Odd-Electron Molecules

N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-

The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)

F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
9.9
 Chemistry In Action: Just Say NO

NO2- (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) + 2H+ (aq)

NO (g) + Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l)

N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g)

The enthalpy change required to break a particular bond in one
mole of gaseous molecules is the bond energy.

Bond Energy
H2 (g) H (g) + H (g) H0 = 436.4 kJ
Cl2 (g) Cl (g) + Cl (g) H0 = 242.7 kJ
HCl (g) H (g) + Cl (g) H0 = 431.9 kJ
O2 (g) O (g) + O (g) H0 = 498.7 kJ O O
N2 (g) N (g) + N (g) H0 = 941.4 kJ N N

Bond Energies
Single bond < Double bond < Triple bond

9.10
Average bond energy in polyatomic molecules

H2O (g) H (g) + OH (g) H0 = 502 kJ

OH (g) H (g) + O (g) H0 = 427 kJ

502 + 427
Average OH bond energy = = 464 kJ
2

9.10
Bond Energies (BE) and Enthalpy changes in reactions
Imagine reaction proceeding by breaking all bonds in the
reactants and then using the gaseous atoms to form all the
bonds in the products.
H0 = total energy input – total energy released
= BE(reactants) – BE(products)

9.10
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g)

9.10
 Use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change for:
H2 (g) + F2 (g) 2HF (g)

H0 = BE(reactants) – BE(products)

Type of Number of Bond energy Energy

bonds broken bonds broken (kJ/mol) change (kJ)
H H 1 436.4 436.4
F F 1 156.9 156.9
Type of Number of Bond energy Energy
bonds formed bonds formed (kJ/mol) change (kJ)
H F 2 568.2 1136.4

H0 = 436.4 + 156.9 – 2 x 568.2 = -543.1 kJ

9.10