INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

BESCK104A

MODULE 2
Societal and Global Impact of Infrastructure

Department of Civil Engineering

MITM
 Societal and Global Impact of Infrastructure

Infrastructure:
Introduction to sustainable development goals, Smart city concept, clean city
concept, Safe city concept.

Environment:
Water Supply and Sanitary systems, urban air pollution management, Solid
waste management, identification of Landfill sites, urban flood control.

Built-environment:
Energy efficient buildings, recycling, Temperature and Sound control in
buildings, Security systems; Smart buildings.
Infrastructure:

Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals form a cohesive and integrated

package of global aspirations the world commits to achieving by 2030.

Building on the accomplishments of their predecessors the Millenium

Development Goals.

The SDGs address the most pressing global challenges of our time, calling
upon collaborative partnerships across and between countries to
balance the three dimensions of sustainable development - economic
growth, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion.
 Goal 1: No poverty
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Goal 4: Quality education
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.
Goal 5: Gender equality
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation.
Goal 10: Reduced inequality
Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Goal 13: Climate action
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Goal 14: Life below water
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.
Goal 15: Life on land
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
Goal 17: Partnership for the goals
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development.
SMART CITY CONCEPT
FEATURES

 Smart parking
 Intelligent transport system
 Tele-care
 Traffic management
 Smart grids
 Smart urban lighting
 Waste management
 Smart city maintenance
 Smart taxi
 Digital-signage.
What is a smart city?

A Smart City is the integration of technology into a strategic approach to sustainability. 21st
Century has brought with it a new global trend of “sustainable urban development”

This concept adds new dimensions to urbanization which require a quick need to upgrade
existing cities. The concept of a smart city is a relatively new one.

Throughout the years, with the significant contribution from various technologies like
computer science, information technology, remote sensing, advance multimedia world etc.

Need for smart city-Rapid urbanisation:

•By 2030, 60% of worlds population is expected to live in cities results in heavy strain
on energy, transportation, water, building and public spaces.
•Increasing need is the being felt for smart city which are both efficient, sustainable and
Can generate
economic prosperity & social well being.
Clean city concept

India has a population of over one billion, of which almost 300 million people are
living in 600 towns and cities.

It is unfortunate that, as a result of stressed environmental conditions, most of

these towns and cities are unable to keep the pace for development.

Water pollution, Depletion of Groundwater, inadequate sanitation, open dumping

of waste, and loss of forest cover are the problems.

These impact on the health of the people and also does an economic impact on the
country.

Similarly, water diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, and cholera are increasing daily on
the basis of pollution done by us and are affecting both human health and economic
productivity.
Safe city concept
Cities have many impacts on the environment and upon its inhabitants both in contemporary
terms and for future generations. Industrialization and urbanization have created a range of
new threats to public health, safety and well-being.

The rapid and unplanned expansion of cities results in overcrowding, pollution, poverty,
disease, crime and the cities becoming containers of problems as well as places of
vitality.

The implementation of the concept of public safety in the town or city has been one of the main
agenda in developing countries today. Without the consideration on safety aspects, living in an
urban area will be difficult for people’s well-being.

A city that is free from all kinds of physical threats, social and mental disorders is protected
from any tendency that could threaten the welfare of society and will contribute in creating a
prosperous, secure and comfortable environment.

A city should be a safe place to live, work and play.

Safe City is a community-based initiative that unites law enforcement, businesses,

residents and city officials through a project intended to maximize safeness and minimize
 Environment:
Water Supply and Sanitary systems

Water supply systems are networks whose edges and nodes are pressure pipes and
either pipe junctions, water sources or end-users, respectively. Their function is to
provide end-users with potable water with a sufficient pressure level.
Water supply distribution systems can be classified into four types which are
as follows- Dead end system or tree system, Grid iron system, Ring system, and
Radial system.
Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after
appropriate treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and
rivers), and the sea through desalination.

The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection

through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by
gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which canbe elevated such as water towers or
on the ground.

Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system and

treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake, or the
sea or reused for landscaping or irrigation.
Sanitary systems

Importance of sewerage system

One of the fundamental principles of sanitation of the community is to

remove all decomposable matter, solid waste, liquid or gaseous away from
the premises of dwellings as fast as possible after it is produced, to a safe
place, without causing any nuisance and dispose it in a suitable
manner so as to make it permanently harmless.
Necessity for sanitation
•Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes.

•If proper arrangements for the collection, treatment and disposal are not made, they will
go on accumulating and create foul condition.

• If untreated water is accumulating, the decomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead
to the production of large quantity of mal odorous gases.

It also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and it may
contain toxic compounds.
•Therefore in the interest of community of the city or town, it is most essential to collect,
treat and dispose of all the waste products of the city.

• Waste water engineering is defined as the branch of the environmental engineering where
the basic principles of the science and engineering for the problems of the water pollution
problems.

• The ultimate goal of the waste water management is the protection of the environmental
in manner commensurate with the economic, social and political concerns.
Systems of sewerage
1)Separate System of Sewage
2)Combined System of Sewage
3)Partially Combined or Partially Separate
System Separate System of Sewerage
•In this system two sets of sewers are laid.
•The sanitary sewage is carried through sanitary sewers while the storm
sewage is carried through storm sewers.
•The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and storm water is disposed of
to the river.
Combined System of Sewerage
• When only one set of sewers are used to carry both sanitary sewage and
surface water. This system is
called combined system.
•Sewage and storm water both are carried to the treatment plant through
combined sewers.
Urban air pollution management

The term "urban air pollution" refers to air pollution in and around cities.
Urban air pollution is worse in densely populated areas.

Air pollution has an impact on both human health and the climate of
an area. Volcanic eruptions, thunder, dust from the earth's surface, and
naturally occurring particulate matter are all natural sources of urban air
pollution.

Air pollution in and around cities is referred to as urban air pollution. Denser
populations are subjected to higher levels of urban air pollution.

According to the WHO, exposure to outdoor air pollution causes 4.2 million
deaths each year.

Anthropogenic activities such as transportation, domestic use of fossil

fuels, industrialization, power generation, combustion, agriculture, and
beauty products are major contributors to urban air pollution.
Sources of Urban Air Pollution

Transportation

The primary source of urban air pollution is the use of private vehicles
(particularly older, diesel models).Vehicles contribute roughly one-quarter of the
particulate matter in the air.

Use of fossil fuels in the home

Half of the world's population still cooks and heats with solid fuels. These
fuels, which include wood, charcoal, and coal, are burned in inefficient
stoves, which emit large amounts of health-harming particulate matter and
climate-warming pollutants into the surrounding environment.

Furthermore, it is estimated that 1.2 billion people use kerosene lamps in

their homes, contributing to air pollution and increasing the risk of respiratory
and cardiovascular diseases.
Generation of electricity

As the population grows, so does the demand for energy. To meet that demand, fossil
fuels are being used extensively to generate energy because they are cheap and readily
available. Coal-fired power plants are a significant source of urban air pollution.

Agriculture and Combustion

Material combustion is an activity that emits toxic gases into the atmosphere and
contributes to urban air pollution.

Agriculture also emits other gases into the atmosphere, such as NO2 and methane
(CH4).

Stubble Burning in Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana is blamed for the thick blanket of
smog that blankets Delhi during the winter.
Exploding Fireworks

Firecrackers during Diwali may not be the primary cause of air pollution, but it
certainly contributes to its accumulation.
Management

 Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards as well as industry-

specific emission and effluent standards.
 Establishing a monitoring network to assess the quality of the ambient air.
 Cleaner gaseous fuels such as CNG, LPG, and ethanol blending are being
introduced.
 The National Air Quality Index (AQI) is being launched.
 Vehicle standards were upgraded from BS-IV to BS-VI by April 1st, 2020.
 The burning of biomass is prohibited.
 Public transportation network promotion.
 Certificate of Pollution Control.
 Directions issued under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981.
 Installation of continuous (24x7) online monitoring devices by 17 polluting
industrial sectors.
 Controlling the bursting of polluting crackers.
 Notification of a graded response action plan for Delhi, identifying
source-specific actions for different levels of air pollution, and so on.
 Solid waste management
The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete
process of collecting, treating and disposing of solid wastes.

In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from different
sources and are disposed of.

This process includes collection, transportation, treatment, analysis and

disposal of waste. It needs to be monitored so that strict regulations and
guidelines are followed.

Sources of Solid Wastes

 Solid domestic garbage.

 Solid waste material from various industries.
 Solid agricultural waste.
 Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
 Medical waste.
 Construction waste, sewage sludge
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INCINERATION
Incineration is a type disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned
at high temperatures so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products.

The biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce the volume of
solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume, decreases the space they take
up and reduce the stress on landfills.

This process is also known as thermal treatment where solid waste materials are
converted by Incinerators into heat, gas, steam and ash.

Incineration is something that is very in countries where landfill space is no

longer available, which includes Japan.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:

LAND FILLING

The Landfill is the most popularly used method of waste disposal used today.

This process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land.
Landfills are found in all areas.

There is a process used that eliminates the odours and dangers of waste before it is
placed into the ground.

While it is true this is the most popular form of waste disposal it is certainly far
from the only procedure and one that may also bring with it an assortment of space.
Landfill

The most widely used factors for selecting a landfill site are groundwater
depth, surface water vicinity, elevation, land slope, soil permeability, soil
stability, flooding susceptibility, lithology and stratification, faults, land
use type, nearby settlements and urbanization, cultural and protected
site vicinity, wind direction, roads, railways, proximity to building
materials, pipelines and powerlines, and proximity to airports.
Factors that must be considered in evaluating the potential Landfill sites are:
Land Requirement: The volume of fill required depends upon density, degree
of compaction, depth of fill and life for which the site is to be used.

Land Use Restrictions: The town planning authorities should be consulted

before selecting a particular site so that it is compatible with their plans.

Approach: The site should be easily accessible for vehicles throughout the year.

Haul Distance: The site should be as near the area to be served as possible.

Larger the haul distance to the site, the larger will be the recurring transportation
cost.

Cover Material: If the required soil cover is available at the site itself, no
additional expenditure need be incurred on transporting it to the landfill site.

Hydro-geological Investigations: The rainwater percolating through the solid

waste tends to carry large amount of pollutants to the groundwater if the
underlying strata is pervious or fissured.

Surface Water Pollution: Surface water during its flow over the deposited
waste may carry along some pollutants. Water courses flowing across the site
should be diverted.
Urban flood control
Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built
environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by
rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm
sewers.

Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or

snowmelt, urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its
repetitive and systemic impacts on communities.

This can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities

are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water.

Aside from potential overflow of rivers and lakes, snowmelt, stormwater

or water released from damaged water mains may accumulate on
property and in public rights-of-way, seep through building walls
and floors, or backup into buildings through sewer pipes, toilets and
sinks.
In urban areas, flood effects can be exacerbated by existing
paved streets and roads, which increase the speed of flowing
water.

Impervious surfaces prevent rainfall from infiltrating into

the ground, thereby causing a higher surface run-off that may
be in excess of local drainage capacity.
The flood flow in urbanized areas constitutes a hazard to both the
population and infrastructure.

Many of the common causes of urban flooding, including storm surges,

heavy precipitation, and river overflow, are expected to increase in
frequency and severity as climate change intensifies and causes increases in
ocean and river levels.

In particular, erratic rainfall patterns are expected to increase the

frequency and severity of both pluvial flooding (as excessive amounts
of rainfall in urban areas and cannot be adequately absorbed by
existing drainage systems and pervious areas) and

Fluvial flooding (as excessive rainfall over a river can cause flooding and
overflow, either where it occurs or downstream along the path of the river).
 BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Energy Efficient Buildings:

An energy-efficient building creates comfortable living conditions inside the

dwelling with the least possible amount of energy consumption maximizing
efficiency in use of resources.

An energy-efficient building keeps the building fully functional and thermally

comfortable for its occupants as well.

As per energy statistics data obtained for 2017 for India from the Ministry of
Statistics and Program Implementation, buildings account for the second-
highest consumption of energy after industries.
Why is Energy Efficiency in a Building Important?

Energy-efficient buildings decrease indoor air pollution as they provide cleaner

combustion and better ventilation than conventional buildings.

It reduces household expenses and decreases carbon dioxide emissions.

The possibility of air pollution-related diseases such as asthma and lung cancer will
be reduced.

It saves lives, reduces medical treatment’s financial and social costs, and increases
the value of buildings.

The efficient use of energy in buildings is one of the most affordable ways to lessen
the detrimental effects of climate change, health problems, unemployment, and
poverty.

It reduces household expenses, infrastructure costs, and reduces CO 2 emissions.

Recycling

Reconstructing Old Buildings into New Ones

Segregating Waste

Tuning in with a Local Recycling Centre

Getting Rid of Harmful Waste

Adopting Deconstruction not Demolition

Temperature and Sound Control in Buildings:

Temperature Control:
One of the most important factors to consider during a new development is
the thermal control of the building.

Thermal control regulates the temperature within a structure.

Heat can be allocated in three different ways: conduction, convection,

and radiation.

Conduction is the transmission of heat across a solid substance.

Convection transfer occurs through a fluid or gas, for example, air.

Radiation is the movement of heat from a warm source to a cold one.

Green Thermal Control Techniques
Green thermal control techniques are gaining in popularity.

This is due to their sustainability focus, ability to limit greenhouse gas

emissions and their financial benefits.

They help save money in the long term because they require less energy.

These green heat control technologies can be broken down into two
categories:
passive and active.

Passive utilizes nature’s ability to heat and cool without using machineries
such as air conditioners or furnaces.

Active uses a multitude of machine-driven heating and cooling systems.

Some examples of green thermal control techniques are solar power (which
can be both passive and active), ice-powered air conditioners, green coal,
wind power, absorption, and biomass.
Sound Control:

Sound control in commercial buildings refers to the process of reducing

noise levels and improving room acoustics for optimal acoustic comfort.

It involves using materials, products, and noise reduction techniques

to: 

Block out external noises

Reduce unwanted noise transmission between rooms and floors

Absorb sound wave reverberations and sound energy to reduce echo

and improve clarity.

Minimize overall noise pollution

Factors to be Considered for Sound Control

Levels and locations 

Building age and construction

Exterior noise 

Internal noise 

Balancing priorities 

Cost
How to Control?
Thicker total walls and wall layers.

Denser material. (i.e., concrete over wood)

Multiple materials and widths (i.e., wider concrete and thinner wooden layer)

Integration of wider spacing (or “cavity”) between wall layers.

More wall layers and wall spacing cavities.

Multiple layers, including insulating spacing between layers of wood.

Thicker window glass.

Window glass laminated with shatter- and noise-resistant plastic.

Addition of custom-sized acrylic inserts to add to current windows.

Solid doors rather than hollow core.

Consider door material density, thickness, and sound insulation.

Automatic closures that prevent doors from slamming shut.

Door seal kits or products to address air/noise leakage at edges.

Thick concrete floor base.

A floating wooden or concrete floor attached to the existing floor with resilient
materials.

Carpeting over thick padding. 

High-traffic mats and floor coverings. 

Security Systems:
Fire detection and suppression.
Movement and protection of people
Smoke control including pressurization and barriers
Safe places of refuge and
Emergency arrangements and communication.

Such measures for security and control could bring in the use of:

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and equipment to suit

internal and external conditions or programmed requirements.

Data collection for maintenance and resource management, particularly

energy use and analysis, programmed responses to suit anticipated
emergencies, e.g. defining smoke-free zones and escape routes in the event
of fire.

Security interlocks, surveillance and access control.

Energy management system (EMS), building automation system (BAS) and

Building Management System (BMS) are used to describe these systems.
Smart Buildings

A smart building is any structure that uses automated processes to

automatically control the building’s operations including heating, ventilation,
air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems.

A smart building uses sensors, actuators and microchips, in order to collect

data and manage it according to a business’ functions and services.

The components of Smart Building:

IoT sensors

Analytics Software

Connectivity

User interface
Major Benefits of Smart Building Management Systems

Monitor Lighting Systems

Create Temperature Schedules

Provide Up-to-Date Energy Usage Data

Improve Indoor Air Quality

Reduce Expenses Related to Daytime Shifts

THANK YOU