01-WIS5 Terms 2006

CSWIP 3.
1 Welding Inspection
Welding Terminology and Definitions
TWI Training & Examination

Services
Course Reference WIS 5

Course notes section reference 1
World Centre for Materials Joining Technology Copyright © 2006, TWI Ltd
Welding Terminology & Definitions
What is a Weld?
• A localised coalescence of metals or non-metals produced
either by heating the materials to the welding temperature,
with or without the application of pressure, or by the
application of pressure alone (AWS)
• A permanent union between materials caused by heat, and

or pressure (BS499)
Welding Terminology & Definitions
What is a Joint?
• The junction of members or the edges of members that are

to be joined or have been joined (AWS)
• A configuration of members (BS499)
Joint Terminology
Edge Open & Closed Corner Lap
Tee Butt
Cruciform
Butt Preparations
Square Edge Square Edge

Closed Butt Open Butt
Single Sided Butt Preparations
Single sided preparations are normally made on thinner materials, or
when access form both sides is restricted
Single Bevel Single Vee
Single-J Single-U
Double Sided Butt Preparations
Double sided preparations are normally made on thicker materials, or
when access form both sides is unrestricted
Double -Bevel Double -Vee
Double - J Double - U
Joint Preparation Terminology
Included angle Included angle
Angle of
bevel
Root
Radius
Root Face Root Face

Root Gap Root Gap
Single-V Butt Single-U Butt
Joint Preparation Terminology
Angle of bevel Angle of bevel
Root
Radius
Root Face Root Face

Root Gap
Root Gap Land
Single Bevel Butt Single-J Butt
Weld Terminology
Butt weld Spot weld

Fillet weld
Edge weld Plug weld

Compound weld
Welded Butt Joints
Butt Welded butt joint

A_________
Fillet Welded butt joint

A_________
Compound Welded butt joint

A____________
Welded Tee Joints
Fillet Welded T joint

A_________
Butt Welded T joint

A_________
Compound Welded T joint

A____________
Welded Lap Joints
Fillet Welded lap joint
A_________
Spot Welded lap joint

A_________
Compound Welded lap joint

A____________
Welded Closed Corner Joints
Fillet Welded closed corner joint

A_________
Butt Welded closed corner joint

A_________
Compound Welded closed corner joint

A____________
Weld Zone Terminology
Face
A B
Weld
metal
Heat Weld
Affected Boundary
Zone
C D
Root
A, B, C & D = Weld Toes
Weld Zone Terminology
Weld cap width
Excess
Cap height
or Weld
Reinforcement
Excess Root
Penetration
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
Temperature
Maximum
solid solid-liquid Boundary
weld
grain growth zone
metal
recrystallised zone
partially transformed zone
tempered zone
unaffected base
material
Toe Blend
6 mm
•Most codes quote the weld
toes shall blend smoothly
80°
•This statement is not
quantitative and therefore
open to individual
Poor Weld Toe Blend Angle
interpretation
3 mm •The higher the toe blend
angle the greater the
20° amount of stress
concentration
Improved Weld Toe Blend •The toe blend angle ideally

Angle should be between 20o-30o
Features to Consider
Fillet welds - Toe Blend
Fillet Weld Profiles
Fillet welds - Shape
Mitre Fillet Convex Fillet
A concave profile
is preferred for
joints subjected to
Concave Fillet fatigue loading
Fillet Weld Leg Length
b
a. = Vertical leg length
b. = Horizontal leg length
Note: The leg length should be approximately equal to the
material thickness
Fillet Weld Features
Excess
Weld
Metal
Vertical
Leg
Length Design
Throat
Horizontal leg
Length
Fillet Weld Throat Thickness
a
b
a = Design Throat Thickness
b = Actual Throat Thickness
Deep Penetration Fillet Weld Features
a
a = Design Throat Thickness b
b = Actual Throat Thickness
Fillet Weld Sizes
Calculating Throat Thickness from a known Leg
Length:
Design Throat Thickness = Leg Length x 0.7
Question: The Leg length is 14mm.

What is the Design Throat?
Answer: 14mm x 0.7 = 10mm Throat Thickness
Fillet Weld Sizes
Calculating Leg Length from a known Design Throat
Thickness:
Leg Length = Design Throat Thickness x 1.4
Question: The Design Throat is 10mm.

What is the Leg length?
Answer: 10mm x 1.4 = 14mm Leg Length
Throat Throat
Thickness Thickness
is larger is smaller
600 1200
Fillet welds connecting parts with fusion faces with an

angle more than 1200 or less than 600 should not use
the previous calculations.
Importance of Fillet Weld Leg Length Size
(a) (b)
8mm
4mm
4mm 2mm
Approximately the same weld volume in both Fillet Welds, but

the effective throat thickness has been altered, reducing
considerably the strength of weld B
Fillet Weld Sizes
Importance of Fillet weld leg length Size
4mm 6mm
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
Question: How larger in c.s.a. is (b) comparable to (a)?
Fillet Weld Sizes
Importance of Fillet weld leg length Size
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
Area = 4 x 4 = 8mm2 Area = 6 x 6 = 18mm2

2 2
The c.s.a. of (b) is over double the area of (a)
without the extra excess weld metal being added

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CSWIP 3.

Welding Terminology and Definitions

TWI Training & Examination

Course Reference WIS 5

• A permanent union between materials caused by heat, and

• The junction of members or the edges of members that are

• A configuration of members (BS499)

Edge Open & Closed Corner Lap

Square Edge Square Edge

Single Bevel Single Vee

Double -Bevel Double -Vee

Root Face Root Face

Root Face Root Face

Butt weld Spot weld

Edge weld Plug weld

Butt Welded butt joint

Fillet Welded butt joint

Compound Welded butt joint

Fillet Welded T joint

Butt Welded T joint

Compound Welded T joint

Spot Welded lap joint

Compound Welded lap joint

Fillet Welded closed corner joint

Butt Welded closed corner joint

Compound Welded closed corner joint

Improved Weld Toe Blend •The toe blend angle ideally

Mitre Fillet Convex Fillet

Design Throat Thickness = Leg Length x 0.7

Question: The Leg length is 14mm.

Answer: 14mm x 0.7 = 10mm Throat Thickness

Leg Length = Design Throat Thickness x 1.4

Question: The Design Throat is 10mm.

Answer: 10mm x 1.4 = 14mm Leg Length

Fillet welds connecting parts with fusion faces with an

Approximately the same weld volume in both Fillet Welds, but

Question: How larger in c.s.a. is (b) comparable to (a)?

Area = 4 x 4 = 8mm2 Area = 6 x 6 = 18mm2

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