Bh4e PPT Lecture Ch01

Larry Brown
Tom Holme
Chapter 1
Introduction to Chemistry
Jacqueline Bennett • SUNY Oneonta

www.cengage.com/chemistry/brown
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Chapter Objectives
• Explain what is meant by the term critical materials

• Explain the usefulness of the macroscopic, microscopic, and
symbolic perspectives in understanding chemical systems
• Draw pictures to illustrate simple chemical phenomena, like
the differences among solids, liquids, and gases, on the
molecular scale
2
Chapter Objectives (continued)
• Explain the difference between inductive and deductive

reasoning in your own words
• Use appropriate ratios to convert measurements from one
unit to another
• Express the results of calculations using the correct number
of significant figures
3
Critical Materials
• Critical materials possess unique chemical and physical

properties that allow them to play vital roles in technology
• Prone to disruption in availability
• Lithium is considered a near-critical material because of its use
in lithium batteries, which power many devices
• Chemists and engineers are considering ways to replace critical
materials with other elements that may be less prone to
disruption
4
The Scientific Method
• Chemists use the scientific method to solve problems

• Make observations of nature
• Derive a hypothesis or build a model in response to
observations
• Construct experiments to bolster or refute the hypothesis or
model
5
The Study of Chemistry
• The study of chemistry involves three levels of understanding

or three perspectives
• Macroscopic
• Microscopic
• Symbolic
6
The Macroscopic Perspective
• Matter is anything that has mass and can be observed
• Matter is observed through two types of changes
• Physical changes
• Chemical changes
7
The Macroscopic Perspective (continued 1)
• Physical properties are variables of matter that we can

measure without changing the identity of the substance being
observed
• Include mass, density, color, viscosity, hardness, and
temperature
• The density of an object is a ratio of its mass to its volume
• Example: Aluminum metal has a high malleability
8
• Chemical properties are determined only by observing how a

substance changes its identity in chemical reactions
• Pure aluminum metal reacts with acid, such as in soft drinks, to
form an aluminum salt and hydrogen gas
• The ability of a compound to burn in oxygen, or combustion, is
another chemical property
• The degradation of metals in the presence of air and moisture,
or corrosion, is another common chemical property
9
• There are three phases of matter

• Solids are hard and do not change their shapes easily at
ordinary temperatures
• Liquids assume the shape of the portion of the container they fill
• Gases expand to occupy the entire volume of their containers
10
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
• Matter is composed of minute particles called atoms that
retain the chemical identity of the element they represent
• An element is composed of atoms with identical physical and
chemical properties
• Molecules are groups of atoms held together by attractive
forces whose properties are distinguishable from those of the
individual elements
11
The Microscopic Perspective
• Solid: Particles maintain a regular ordered structure

• Maintains size and shape
• Liquid: Particles remain close but no longer ordered
• Takes shape of container
• Gas: Particles are widely separated and move independently
of one another
• Fills available volume of container
12
The Microscopic Perspective (continued 1)
• During a physical
change, chemical
composition does not
change
• Heating liquid water to
make gaseous water or
steam
13
The Microscopic Perspective (continued 2)
• During a chemical change, a chemical reaction that occurs

changes the chemical composition of the matter involved
• Using electricity to convert water into oxygen and hydrogen
molecules
14
Example Problem 1.1
• A candle suspended above boiling water could be used to test

a hypothesis about the chemical composition of the bubbles
that rise from boiling water. What would be observed if the
bubbles were composed of:
• water
• hydrogen
• oxygen
15
The Symbolic Representation
• Symbols are used to represent the atoms, molecules,
and reactions
• Pure aluminum, Al
• Aluminum oxide, Al2O3
16
The Symbolic Representation (continued)
Particulate-level Particulate-level
representation of representation of
neodymium oxide, Nd2O3 neodymium magnet,
Nd2Fe14B
17
Join in, 1
Which property refers to the ability to shape a metal?

• Malleability
• Density
• Hardness
18
Join in, 1, Answer
• Malleability
19
Join in, 2
When a reaction is depicted as a chemical equation, what

representation is being used?
• Macroscopic
• Microscopic
• Symbolic
20
Join in, 2, Answer
• Symbolic
21
Join in, 3
Which representation is most likely to be helpful to distinguish

between chemical and physical changes?
• Macroscopic
• Microscopic
• Symbolic
22
Join in, 3, Answer
• Microscopic
23
The Science of Chemistry:
Observations, Models, and Systems
• Chemistry is an empirical science and is studied by:
• Measuring physical properties and observing chemical
reactions
• Creating models to explain observations and organizing
collected data
24
Observations in Science
• Observations are recorded via measurements

• Accuracy: How close the observed value is to the “true” value
• Precision: The spread in values obtained from measurements
25
Observations in Science (continued 1)
• Measurements can have

poor precision and poor
accuracy
• Darts are widely scattered
and far away from the
target
26

good precision and poor
accuracy
• Darts are clustered
together but are clustered
far from the bull’s-eye
27

good precision and good
accuracy
• Darts are clustered
together and close to the
target
28
• Types of errors in measurements

• Random error: May make a measurement randomly too high or
too low
• Variation associated with equipment limitations
• Systematic error: May make a measurement consistently too
high or too low
• The presence of an impurity
29
Interpreting Observations
• Inductive and deductive reasoning are used to interpret

collected data and observations
• Inductive reasoning begins with a series of specific
observations and attempts to generalize to a larger, more
universal conclusion
• Deductive reasoning takes two or more statements or
assertions and combines them so that a clear and
irrefutable conclusion can be drawn
30
Interpreting Observations (continued)
• Scientists and engineers use inductive and deductive

reasoning to solve problems in complex systems
• This is called systems thinking
• What are the components involved?
• How do those components interact or connect to each other?
• What is the ultimate function of the whole system?
31
Models in Science
• Scientific model: Largely empirical description

• Gas pressure is proportional to temperature
• Scientific theory: Explanation grounded in some more
fundamental principle or assumption about the behavior of a
system
• Relationship between gas pressure and temperature is
explained using kinetic energy
• Laws: Sufficiently refined, well tested, and widely accepted
theories
32
Numbers and Measurements in
Chemistry
• Chemists quantify data, expressing collected data with units
and significant figures
• Units: Designate the type of quantity measured
• Prefixes: Provide scale to a base unit
• Significant Figures: Indicate the amount of information that is
reliable when discussing a measurement
33
Units
• Base unit designates the type of quantity being measured

• SI units are the base units of science
• Some units comprise combinations of these base units and
are termed derived units
• 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2
34
Units (continued)
• Prefixes are used with base units to report and understand

quantities of any size
35
SI Prefixes
• Prefixes are based on multiples of 10

36
Temperature
• Temperature is measured using the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and

Kelvin temperature scales
37
Temperature Scale Conversions
o o
F = (1.8  C) + 32
o
C = ( o F – 32)/1.8
o
K = C + 273.15
o
C = K  273.15
38
Numbers and Significant Figures
• Scientific notation is used to easily write very small and very

large numbers
• Numbers written using scientific notation factor out all powers of
ten
39
Numbers and Significant Figures (continued
1)
• All digits reported are considered significant except for certain

types of zeros
• When a zero establishes the decimal place, it is not significant
• 51,300 m: 3 significant figures
• 0.043 g: 2 significant figures
• A zero is significant when it follows a decimal point or when it
occurs between other significant figures
• 4.30 mL: 3 significant figures
• 304.2 kg: 4 significant figures
• All numbers are significant when written in correct scientific
notation
40
Example Problem 1.2
• An alloy contains 2.05% of some impurity. How many

significant figures are reported in this value?
41
2)
• For calculated values, the number of significant figures should

be consistent with the data used in the calculation
• For multiplication and division, the number of significant figures
in a result must be the same as the number of significant figures
in the factor with the fewest significant figures
• For addition and subtraction, the number of significant figures is

determined from the position of the first uncertain digit
42
Example Problem 1.3
• Report the result for the indicated arithmetic operations using

the correct number of significant figures. Assume all values
are measurements and not exact numbers.
• 4.30 × 0.31
• 4.033 + 88.1
• 5.6/1.732 × 104
43
3)
• When counting discrete objects, the result has no ambiguity

• Such measurements use exact numbers
• They have infinite significant figures
• Two pennies would be 2.000000…
• Exactly defined terms, such as metric prefixes, are also
considered exact numbers
44
Join in, 4
If you conduct an experiment that is prone to random error,

which is the most likely result?
• Decent precision with poor accuracy
• Poor precision with decent accuracy
• Decent precision and decent accuracy
45
Join in, 4, Answer
• Poor precision with decent accuracy
46
Join in, 5
Which is the longest distance?

• 4.34 × 105 mm
• 5200 cm
• 3.1 × 10-4 km
• 2.1 m
47
Join in, 5, Answer
• 4.34 × 105 mm
48
Join in, 6
Which answer should be reported with 4 sig figs?

• (4.3 + 0.271) / 8.102
• 5.43 × 2.215
• 4.232 – 1.412
• 5.2920 / 4.22
49
Join in, 6, Answer
• (4.3 + 0.271) / 8.102
50
Problem Solving in Chemistry and
Engineering
• There are several categories of problems
• Calculations involving ratios
• Conceptual understanding of the particulate level
• Visualization of phenomena on different levels
51
Using Ratios
• Ratios represent the relationship between two quantities and

can be expressed in two ways
52
Example Problem 1.4
• Suppose that your supermarket is offering 20-count shrimp for

$5.99 per pound. How much should you expect to pay for one
dozen shrimp?
53
Example Problem 1.5
• What is the wavelength, in meters, of orange light of

wavelength 615 nm?
54
Ratios in Chemistry Calculations
• Mass Density: Ratio of an object’s mass to its volume

• Temperature and compound specific
• Allows conversion between mass and volume
• Units of measurement can be used to determine how to write

the appropriate ratio by “canceling”out
• This type of reasoning is called dimensional analysis or the
factor-label method
55
Example Problem 1.6
• The density of water at 25°C is 0.997 g per mL. A child’s

swimming pool holds 346 L of water at this temperature. What
mass of water is in the pool?
56
Conceptual Chemistry Problems
• Conceptual problems focus on the particulate

perspective of chemistry
• Depictions of atoms and molecules are used to
visualize molecular phenomena
57
Example Problem 1.7
• Draw a picture that shows what carbon dioxide

molecules might look like as a solid and as a gas
58
Visualization in Chemistry
• Chemistry provides multiple ways to view problems

• Depictions of atoms and molecules provide one important tool
in the way chemistry is taught and learned
• We can explore this idea by thinking about the refining of
cobalt
59
Visualization in Chemistry (continued)
• When a mixture of cobalt and nickel sulfides is treated with

ammonia, the metals become bound to ammonia molecules
and dissolve into the liquid phase, separating them from any
other materials that may have been present
• Adjusting the conditions of the solution causes the cobalt-
ammonia complex to solidify, leaving the nickel in solution
• Finally, the solid cobalt complex is treated with hydrogen to
produce cobalt metal
60
Join in, 7
What is the density of a cube that is 0.65 cm a side with a mass

of 1.2 g?
• 0.78 g/mL
• 1.9 g/mL
• 4.4 g/mL
61
Join in, 7, Answer
• 4.4 g/mL
62
Join in, 8
Which step in the refining of aluminum ore is NOT a chemical

change?
• Digestion
• Slurry mixing
• Precipitation
63
Join in, 8, Answer
• Slurry mixing
64
Join in, 9
Which material will most likely make a bicycle frame that feels
stiff?
• Aluminum
• Steel
• Titanium
65
Join in, 9, Answer
• Aluminum
66
Touchscreen Technology
• Indium tin oxide (ITO) provides the position-dependent

sensitivity to touch that allows touchscreen devices to work
• Example of a doped semiconductor, which is needed in
order for the current to be detectable
• Optically transparent, which means that it does not
interfere with the light that is going through the
touchscreen and generating the images one sees
• Touchscreen devices need a rugged glass surface in order to
be functional
• Gorilla Glass
67
Essential Components of a
Touchscreen
• Touchscreen display consists of a number of stacked layers
• LCD screen at the bottom of the stack produces the image
• Two thin, transparent layers of ITO are separated by a
transparent insulating layer
• When the screen is touched, one ITO
sheet locates the x-coordinate and
the other locates the y-coordinate
• Entire assembly is covered by a
glass sheet designed to resist
breakage
68

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Larry Brown

Jacqueline Bennett • SUNY Oneonta

• Explain what is meant by the term critical materials

• Explain the difference between inductive and deductive

• Critical materials possess unique chemical and physical

• Chemists use the scientific method to solve problems

• The study of chemistry involves three levels of understanding

• Physical properties are variables of matter that we can

• Chemical properties are determined only by observing how a

• There are three phases of matter

• Solid: Particles maintain a regular ordered structure

• During a chemical change, a chemical reaction that occurs

• A candle suspended above boiling water could be used to test

Which property refers to the ability to shape a metal?

When a reaction is depicted as a chemical equation, what

Which representation is most likely to be helpful to distinguish

• Observations are recorded via measurements

• Measurements can have

• Measurements can have

• Measurements can have

• Types of errors in measurements

• Inductive and deductive reasoning are used to interpret

• Scientists and engineers use inductive and deductive

• Scientific model: Largely empirical description

• Base unit designates the type of quantity being measured

• Prefixes are used with base units to report and understand

• Prefixes are based on multiples of 10

• Temperature is measured using the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and

• Scientific notation is used to easily write very small and very

• All digits reported are considered significant except for certain

• An alloy contains 2.05% of some impurity. How many

• For calculated values, the number of significant figures should

• For addition and subtraction, the number of significant figures is

• Report the result for the indicated arithmetic operations using

• When counting discrete objects, the result has no ambiguity

If you conduct an experiment that is prone to random error,

• Poor precision with decent accuracy

Which is the longest distance?

Which answer should be reported with 4 sig figs?

• (4.3 + 0.271) / 8.102

• Ratios represent the relationship between two quantities and

• Suppose that your supermarket is offering 20-count shrimp for

• What is the wavelength, in meters, of orange light of

• Mass Density: Ratio of an object’s mass to its volume

• Units of measurement can be used to determine how to write

• The density of water at 25°C is 0.997 g per mL. A child’s

• Conceptual problems focus on the particulate

• Draw a picture that shows what carbon dioxide

• Chemistry provides multiple ways to view problems

• When a mixture of cobalt and nickel sulfides is treated with

What is the density of a cube that is 0.65 cm a side with a mass

Which step in the refining of aluminum ore is NOT a chemical

• Indium tin oxide (ITO) provides the position-dependent

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