D Y N A M IC S OF L O C A L

AN D G L OB A L C U L T U R E
CULTURAL DIFFRENTIALISM
• EMPHASIZES THE FACT THAT CULTURE ARE ESSENTIALLY DIFFERENT AND ARE ONLY SUPERFICIALLY
AFFECTED BY GLOBAL FLOWS.
• THE INTERACTION OF CULTURES IS DEEMED TO CONTAIN THE POTENTIAL OF “CATASTROPHIC
COLLISIONS”.
• SAMUEL HUNTINGTON’S THEORY OF A CLASH OF THE CIVILIZATIONS BEST EXEMPLIFIES THIS APPROACH.
CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
• EMPHASIZES THE INTEGRATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE.
• GLOBALIZATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE A CREATIVE PROCESS WHICH GIVES RISE TO HYBRID ENTITIES THAT
ARE NOT REDUCIBLE TO EITHER THE GLOBAL OR THE LOCAL.
• A KEY CONCEPT IS “GLOCALIZATION” OR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL RESULTING IN
UNIQUE OUTCOMES IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS.
• ANOTHER KEY CONCEPT IS ARJUN APPADURAI’S “SCAPES ”IN 1996 ,WHERE GLOBAL FLOWS INVOLVE
PEOPLE, TECHNOLOGY, FINANCE, POLITICAL IMAGES, AND MEDIA AND THE DISJUNCTURES BETWEEN THEM,
LEADTO THE CREATION OF CULTURAL HYBRIDS
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

• STRESSES HOMOGENEITY INTRODUCED BY GLOBALIZATION.

• CULTURE ARE DEEMED TO BE RADICALLY ALTERED BY STRONG FLOWS, WHILE CULTURAL IMPERIALISM HAPPENS WHEN ONE CULTURE
IMPOSES ITSELF ON AND TENDS TO DESTROY AT LEAST PARTS OF ANOTHER CULTURE.

• DETERRITORIALIZATION MEANS THAT IT IS MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TO TIE CULTURE TO A SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC POINT OF ORIGIN
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

• GLOBALIZATION PROVIDED RELIGIONS A FERTILE MILIEU TO SPREAD AND THRIVE.

• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, TRANSPORTATION MEANS, AND THE MEDIA ARE DEEMED IMPORTANT
MEANS ON WHICH RELIGIONISTS RELY ON THE DISSEMINATION OF THEIR RELIGIOUS IDEAS.
 Media Modern Transportation Modern Technology

• PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE • FUNDAMENTALIST,

• IT ALLOWS MANY MUSLIMS
IN THE OF RELIGIOUS IDEAS. ORTHODOX, OR MODERNIST
TO TRAVEL TO MECCA AND
• TELEVISION CHANNELS, TO CROSS GEOGRAPHICAL
RETURN WITH REFORMIST
RADIO STATIONS AND PRINT BOUNDARIES AND BE
IDEAS.
MEDIA PRESENT EVERYWHERE.
• GLOBALIZATION HAS ALSO ALLOWED RELIGION OR FAITH TO GAIN CONSIDERABLE SIGNIFICANCE AND
IMPORTANCE AS A NON-TERRITORIAL TOUCHSTONE OF IDENTITY.
• THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION TO RELIGION LINK AUTOMATICALLY TO THE CHALLENGES OF
RELIGION TO GLOBALIZATION.
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
• REGIONALIZATION  IS DEFINED AS AN INCREASE IN THE CROSS-BORDER FLOW OF CAPITAL, GOODS, AND
PEOPLE WITHIN A SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.
• GLOBALIZATION IS THE INCREASED FLOWS OF GOODS, SERVICES, CAPITA, PEOPLE AND INFORMATION
ACROSS BORDERS.
• REGIONALIZATION IS INTIMATELY LINKED TO GLOBALIZATION SINCE IT IS PART OF IT AND IT BUILDS ON
IT.
REGION vs. REGIONALIZATION vs. REGIONALISM

• REGION (MANSFIELD AND MILNER1999), IS A GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN THE SAME GEOGRAPHICALLY

SPECIFIED AREA.
• REGIONALIZATION (HURREL 2007), AS THE SOCIETAL INTEGRATION AND THE OFTEN UNDIRECTED
PROCESS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INTERACTION.
• REGIONALISM (RAVENHILL 2008), THE FORMAL PROCESS OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL
COLLABORATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE STATES.