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 STANDARD
STYLES OF
RELATED
LITERATURE,
CITATION OR
REFERENCE
One cardinal principle in research is
acknowledging or recognizing the
owners of any form of knowledge
you intend to include in your
research.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The beginning portion of the

work that identifies individuals
who have contributed
something for the production of
the paper.
 REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

A complete list of all reading

materials, including books,
journals, periodicals etc. form
where you borrowed ideas
came from.
CITATION OR IN-TEXT CITATION

References with in the

main body of the text,
specifically in RRL.
 PURPOSES OF CITATION

 To give importance and respect to other

people
 To give authority, validity, and credibility to
other people’s claims, arguments.
 To help readers find or contact the sources of
ideas easily
 To permit readers to check the accuracy of
your work
 To save yourself from plagiarism
STYLES OF CITATION
 INTEGRAL CITATION
one way of citing to the author whose ideas appear
in your work
you do this by using active verbs
expresses the author’s mental position, attitude
Examples:
1. APA- One study by Manalo (2015) reveals…
2. MLA- One study by (Manalo 70)…
 NON-INTEGRAL CITATION
downplays any strength of the writer’s personal
characteristics
the stress is given to the piece of information
Example:
The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four
ways… (Dela Cruz, 2015)
 PATTERNS OF CITATION
SUMMARY- shortened version of the
original text that is expressed in your own
language
PARAPHRASE- this is the antithesis of the
summary because instead of shortening
the form of the text, you explain what the
text means to you using your own words
 PATTERNS OF CITATION
 SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION- only part of
the author’s sentence. Should include the
page where the readers can find the copied
words.
 Not exceeding to 40 words
 Example: Contexts is influenced by these
four factors: “language, culture, institution
and ideologies.” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
 PATTERNS OF CITATION
 LONG DIRECT QUOTATION- makes you copy the author’s
exact words numbering from 40-100 words. The copied lines
look like they compose a stanza or poem
 Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of
language. Stressing this nature of language , he says:
Language features result from the way people use
language to meet their social needs. In their interactions
to describe, compare, agree…