Review from Others and

Reviewing the Literature

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2016
 Lesson objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to demonstrate understanding of:
• selecting, citing, and synthesizing properly related literature;
• using sources according to ethical standards; and
• presenting written review of related literature.

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Review of Related Literature

…is an account of the existing

researches which are relevant to
your topic and show how it is
related to your research
Review of Related Literature

…researchers read about results of

other similar or related studies and
then weigh information from a
literature review in light of their
own concerns and situation
Review of Related Literature: VALUE

…researchers are able to locate other

work dealing with their intended
topic for study as well as evaluate
this work in terms of its relatedness
to the research question of interest
Review of Related Literature: Types of Sources

…General References
…sources that researches first look
onto
…tell where to locate other sources
and are either indexes or abstracts
Review of Related Literature: Types of Sources

…Primary Sources
…research reports
…usually appear in professional
journals
 Review of Related Literature: Types of Sources

…Secondary Sources
…documents that contain only summaries or
interpretations of the research reports rather
than a complete description of them
…textbooks, single-authored books, books
edited by authors with each contributing to a
collection of chapters on a single topic
Review of Related Literature: Types of Sources

…Tertiary Sources
…books and articles based on
secondary sources
…synthesizes and explains the
work of others
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature
 Synthesis of Information from
Related Literature

…RRL is not a list of article summaries

…it should be a flowing, well-
structured narrative that begins with
the variables you established in your
problem and ends with a question
begging to be answered
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…study each key word grouping
…consider the following questions:
…How do the different authors define and
use the concept?
…Do the authors have the same or different
position on the concept?
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…consider the following questions:

…Can you group the authors by disagreeable

opinions concerning the concept?
…write it in narrative form and show a
clear description of how these authors
use this given concept
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…after each of the keyword groupings have

been analyzed and improved into a narrative
form, determine what will be the
order would these key word
narratives should be taken in the
related literature portion
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…three major approaches of ordering

the key word clusters
…chronologically
…conceptually
…stated hypothesis
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…three major approaches of ordering the key word clusters

…chronologically…most applicable
for the key word clusters for a usual
timeline of development
…clusters will be time-sensitive and
shows a change in thinking over time
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…three major approaches of ordering the key word clusters

…conceptually…if your study is set in

clear and interrelated concepts
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

How to write RRL?

…three major approaches of ordering the key word clusters

…stated hypotheses…if you have

several hypotheses in your study,
these form a natural way to order key
word clusters
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

…in writing the RRL, always begin with a

good introduction to the review and end
it with a summary
…make the connection for the reader
between the subtopics and the topics
discussed
…use direct quotations infrequently
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

…cite your sources or references

…present your information on the
topics and subtopics; then
summarize each subtopic
…include a transition paragraph from
one subtopic to the next subtopic
Synthesis of Information from Related Literature

…use APA style and format (most cases)

…always have your work proofread before
submitting
…follow all format guidelines as required
…it must be a thorough review, reflected by
the depth of the discussion and should begin
prior to the implementation of the study
Doing a Literature Search
Doing a Literature Search

…all good research is designed to build on and

to use existing knowledge

…it would be wasteful for a researcher to begin

working on a study without knowing what
others working in the area have already done
Doing a Literature Search

…once you have developed an idea for your research, you

should perform a literature search to
look at the journals and books that
contain reports of previous research
Doing a Literature Search

…conducting a literature search before

beginning a research is essential
because it will prevent duplication of
the study and may help avoid
problems that others have
encountered
Doing a Literature Search

…also a great time-saver

…can provide valuable information
about how to measure the variables
you are interested in and what
research design will be most useful
How to Extract Relevant Information
 How to Extract Relevant
Information
…accessing the online system and getting a printout
of all the published information in the area of
interest will provide a comprehensive
bibliography on the subject
…emphasis on the ideas, principles, major findings,
generalizations, or conclusions in the related
materials relevant to the problem under inquiry
should be well discussed
 How to Extract Relevant Information

Guidelines in Citing the Author of the

Related Literature
1. By author or writer
…facts, ideas, or principles are discussed
or explained separately and then cited
in the footnote with their respective
authors or writers
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

1. By author or writer
Example:
Burns et al. (2008) expounded that
learning style is the preferred or
habitual patterns of mental
functioning.
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

1. By author or writer
Example:
Romanelli et al. (2009) described learning style
as the cognitive, affective, and psychological
behaviors that serve as relatively stable
indicators of how learners perceive, interact,
and respond to the learning environment
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

2. By topic
…if many authors have the same opinion
about the same topic, discussion and
citation of the topic is under the
names of the authors or writers
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

2. By topic

Example:
The use of animated movies, computer
animation, and simple drawings are
constructive for arousing and maintaining the
learner’s attention (Williamson & Abraham,
1995; Ames & Ames, 1995; Barak, 2006).
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

3. Chronological
…related materials or references can be
cited in a chronological manner,
which can be according to the year
they were written or published
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

3. Chronological

Example:
Adri (2004) described the
relationship between the student’s
learning styles and their academic
performance.
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

3. Chronological

Example:
Baldomero (2006) assessed the
learning style of students in bridge
programs in a public high school and
their implications on academic
achievement.
 How to Extract Relevant Information
Guidelines in Citing the Author of the Related Literature

3. Chronological

Example:
Romana (2010) determined the
learning styles and multiple
intelligence of pupils in a preparatory
school.
Ways of Citing
 Ways of Citing

1. APA format
…American Psychological Association
…most common way to cite sources in
field of social sciences
 Ways of Citing

1. APA format

…should follow the author-date method

of in-text citation, in which the author’s
surname and the year of publication for
the source should appear in the text,
example (Cahan, 2000)
 Ways of Citing

1. APA format

…if you will be referring to an idea or opinion

from another author’s work but not directly
quoting the material or making reference to an
entire book, article or other work, just make
reference to the author and the year of
publication and should not include the page
number in your in-text reference
 Ways of Citing

1. APA format

…remember: all sources that are cited in

the text must appear in the list of
references at the end of the paper
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA

format
…work by two authors: name both
authors in the parentheses each time
you cite their work
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…use “and” between the author’s names

within the text
Example:
Robinson and Levin (1997) discussed…
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…use the (&) between the author’s

names in the parentheses
Example:
Research is…(Robinson & Levin, 1997)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…work by three to five authors: include

the entire author’s surname in
parentheses the first time you cite the
source
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…use “and” between the author’s

names within the text and the (&) in
the parentheses
Example:
(Kim, Song, Chang, Kang, & Park, 2013)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…in subsequent, citations, only use the

first author’s surname followed by the
words “et al.” which means ‘and
others’ in parentheses.
Example:
(Kim et al., 2013)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…work by six or more authors: use the

first author’s name followed by et al.
in parentheses
Example:
Choi et al. (2013) reported…
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…associations, corporations, government

agencies, etc. as an author: if used for
the first time
Example:
According to the Department of Education
(2013)…
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. as an author: …if the

association has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation
in brackets the first time they appear
and then use only the abbreviation in
later citations
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. as an author:

Example:
First citation: (Commission on Higher
Education [CHED], 2012)
Second citation: (CHED, 2012)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…indirect sources: if you use a source

that was mentioned in another source,
name the original source in your signal
phrase. Include the secondary source in
your reference list and put the
secondary source in the parentheses
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…indirect sources:

Example:
Smith argued that…(as cited in
Johnson, 2005, p. 92).
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…electronic sources: cite the same way

as any other document by using the
author-date style
Example:
Briones (2009) explained…
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

…websites: cite the same way as any

other document by using the author-
date style if known. If there is no
author, use the title and the date as the
in-text citation (for long titles just use
the first few words).
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

Example:
…websites:

…for sources with no date use n.d. in

place of the year
(Andrews, n.d.)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

Example:
…websites:

…in-text citation with no author:

Bulacan has become a major link between large and
concentered consumer markets in the National
Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila and the
resource-rich provinces of Northern Luzon
(Provincial Government of Bulacan, 2007).
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

Example
…websites:

Reference entry for website with no

author:
Provincial Government of Bulacan. (2007). Retrieved
from http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/business/products.php
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

Example
…websites:

In-text citation for section of website with

no author:
In addition, bamboo bike cannot split in two
because of having so much fiber (“Philippine
Bamboo Bikes Hit”, 2012)
 Ways of Citing

Citing an Author or Authors in APA format

Example
…websites:

Reference entry for section of a website with no

author:
Philippine Bamboo Bikes Hit Market. (2012).
Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from
https://ph.news.yahoo.com/philippine-bamboo-
bikes-hit-market-15498087.html
Ways of Citing: MLA format
Ways of Citing

2. MLA format
…Modern Language Association
…most commonly used to write
papers and cite sources within the
liberal arts and humanities
Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

…use of parenthetical citation when

referring to the works of other in
your text
…involves placing relevant source
information in parentheses after a
quote or a paraphrase
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format
…parenthetical citation

…source information required depends upon

(a) the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD)
(b) the source’s entry on the Works Cited
(bibliography) page
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

…remember: any source information

that you provide in-text must
correspond to the source information
on the bibliography page
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

…in-text citations: Author-page style:

the author’s last name and the page
number(s) from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken must appear in the
text and a complete reference should
appear on your bibliography page
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

the author’s surname

…in-text citations: Author-page style:

may appear wither in the sentence

itself or in parentheses following the
quotation or the paraphrase
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

page number(s)
…in-text citations: Author-page style:

should always appear in the

parentheses and not in the text of your
sentence
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

example:
…in-text citations: Author-page style:

Gale stated that the term “abnormal” is

misused in a judgmental manner when
people are uncomfortable about
something (41).
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

example:
…in-text citations: Author-page style:

Frequently the term “abnormal” is

misused in a judgmental manner when
people are uncomfortable about
something (Gale 41).
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

example:
…in-text citations: Author-page style:

Gale mentioned that most people have

the misconception of what abnormality
is (41).
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

…Citing non-print or sources from the

Internet: while many sources on the
Internet should not be used for
scholarly work, some Web sources are
acceptable for research purposes
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

remember:
…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet:

when writing an in-text citations for

electronic or Internet sources, the
citations must be seen in your Works
Cited (bibliography) portion
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

guidelines:
…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet:

…in the text, list the first item that

appears in the Work Cited entry that
matches to the citation (e.g. author
name, article name, website name)
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format

guidelines:
…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet:

…paragraph numbers or page numbers

based on your Web browser’s print
preview function should not be
provided
 Ways of Citing
2. MLA format

…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet: guidelines:

…in situations that you must include the Website name in a
phrase or sentence in order to get the reader to the particular
entry, URLs in-text should be omitted. In such, provide
partial URLs when the name of the site includes, for
example, a domain name, like Google.com or Forbes.com
instead of writing out http://www.google.com or
http://www.forbes.com.
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format
…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet:

…for a website with no author, use the

webpage or website title for your in-
text citation. If it is a long title, you
can shorten it to the first three words
 Ways of Citing

2. MLA format
…Citing non-print or sources from the Internet:

Example:
Bulacan has become a major link between large
and concentered consumer markets in the
National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila
and the resource-rich provinces of Northern
Luzon (“Provincial Government of Bulacan”).
Ways of Citing: Chicago Manual of Style
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…presents two basic documentation
systems (depend on the subject matter
and the nature of sources cited): notes
and bibliography and author-date
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…notes and bibliography style: …

preferred in the field of humanities
(areas of literature, history, arts)
…presents bibliographic information in
notes and oftentimes, a bibliography
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…One author
…notes and bibliography style:

1. John Creswell, Educational research:

Planning, conducting, and evaluating
qualitative research (Ohio: Merrill
Prentice-Hall, 2002), 268.
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…notes and bibliography style: …One author

2. Creswell, Educational research, 3

Creswell, John. Educational research:
Planning, conducting, and evaluating
qualitative research. Ohio: Merrill
Prentice-Hall, 2002.
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Two or more authors

…notes and bibliography style:

1. Donald H. McBurney and Theresa

White, Research Methods 6th Edition
(California: Wadsworth/Thomson
Learning, 2004), 52.
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Two or more authors

…notes and bibliography style:

2. McBurney and White, Research, 59-60

McBurney, Donald H., and Theresa White.
Research Methods 6th Edition. California:
Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Four or more author

…notes and bibliography style:

…list all of the authors in the

bibliography; in the note, list only the
first author, followed by et al.:
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Four or more author

…notes and bibliography style:

1. Anthony Norman, et al., Moral

reasoning and religious belief: Does
content influence structure
2. Norman et al., Moral reasoning…
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… author-date system
…fields of physical, natural, and social
sciences
…sources are briefly cited in the text,
usually in parentheses, by author’s
surname and date of publication
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… author-date system

…short citations are elaborated in a list

of references, where full bibliographic
information is given
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…One author
… author-date system

Creswell, John. 2002. Educational research:

Planning, conducting, and evaluating
qualitative research. Ohio: Merrill Prentice-
Hall.

(Creswell 2002, 268)

 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Two or more author

… author-date system

McBurney, Donald H., and Theresa White.

2004. Research Methods 6th Edition.
California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

(McBurney and White 2004, 52)

 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

…Two or more author

… author-date system

…list all of the authors in the reference

list; in the text, list only the first author,
followed by et al.:

(Norman et al. 1998)

 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… websites
…a citation to website content can often
be restricted to a mention in the text
“As of August 19, 2015, the Google
Privacy Policy provided…”
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… websites

…if a more formal citation in needed, it

may be styled in the given example.
Usually, contents are subject to changes,
so an access date or, if available, the date
that the site was last modified
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… websites

Google. 2015. “Google Privacy Policy.”

Last modified August 19.
http://www.google.com/policies/privacy
/
(Google 2015)
 Ways of Citing

3. Chicago Manual of Style

… websites

…if the date of publication is absent,

make use of the access date or the date
it was last modified as the basis of your
citation
How to quote a material
 How to Quote a Material

…a material may be quoted if the idea

imparted is ideally stated or if it is
controversial and not quite long
…written in a single-spaced manner with
wider margins at the left and right side
of the paper and without quotation marks
 How to Quote a Material

…remember:
…if a quotation that is fewer than 40
words are incorporated into the text
use quotation marks. Then, cite the
specific page of the quotation.
 How to Quote a Material

…remember:
…if a quotation is 40 or more words,
start a new line, using a block
quotation, indent as if a new
paragraph, double space, and do not
use quotation marks
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
Ethical Standards in Writing
Related Literature
…three broad issues that you need to
remember when you are
completing your research report
and transmitting your results
…ethical standards…plagiarism,
self-plagiarism, copyright
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

1. Plagiarism
…first issue starts with student’s work
…you need to be cautious and do not
misinterpret someone else’s work
and claim it as your own
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

1. Plagiarism

…do not be tempted to simply cut

paragraphs (or more) out of other
documents
…if cannot be avoided, make sure
you appropriately cite this material
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

1. Plagiarism

…in most universities, it is a breach of the

student code of conduct and can result in
failure of the subject or even expulsion from
the institution
…therefore, you need to be very careful when
using material from others to ensure that it is
adequately referenced
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

2. Self-Plagiarism
…when researchers reuse their own
work or data in a ‘new’ written
product without letting the readers
know that this manuscript already
appeared in another literature
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

2. Self-Plagiarism

…concerns:
…publishing what is substantially the
same paper in more than one
research journal without any
indication that it has been published
already
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

2. Self-Plagiarism
…concerns:

…dividing an extensive study that should

have been reported in a single paper
into smaller published researches
…practicing of text recycling
…copyright infringement
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

3. Copyright
…papers to be published in conventional
journals, the usual arrangement is for the
copyright of the researcher’s work to be
transferred to the publisher of that journal,
so that the publisher of the journal can
reproduce and circulate the research legally
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

3. Copyright

…most journals nowadays permits the

researcher maintain ownership of their
work, but both parties agreed on the
journal’s right to publish and reuse
that manuscript
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

3. Copyright

…in ‘Open Access’ journals, the

researchers agree to allow free
dissemination of one’s work without
their permission
Thank you!
Quiz!