BUS535: RESEARCH PROCESS

–RESEARCH DESIGN OVERVIEW

Muslima Zahan, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Management
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 To understand basic stages of research design
 To learn the major descriptors of research design
 To learn the major types of research design,and
 To understand the relationships that exist between
variales in research design and the steps for
evaluating those relationships.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 It consitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data
And/ or
 It is the plan and structure of investigation conceived
as to obtain answers to research questions. The plan is
the overall scheme for program of the research. It
includes an outline of what the investigator will do
from writing hypotheses and theirr operational
implicaitons to the final analyisis of data.
ESSENTIALS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 An activity.and time-based plan
 A plan always based on the research quesiton
 A guide for selecting sources and types of
information
 A framework for specifying the relationships
among the studying variables, and
 A procedural outline for every reseach activity.
DEGREE OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS CRYSTALLIZATION

 Exploratory studies
 It tends toward loose structures with the objective of
discovering future research tasks. It is to develop
hypotheses or questions for further research.
 Formal study
 It begins where the exploration leaves off—begins
with a hypothesis or research question and invloves
precise procedures and data source specfifications.
The goal of a formal research design is to test the
hypothesis or answer the research questions posed.
GANTT CHART
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
 Monitoring
 Observation
 Communication
 Interview, telephone survey, mail, spot customer
survey or complaint box
RESEARCHER CONTROL OF VARIABLES
 Experiment
 Manipulation in variable selection, purpose
 Ex post facto design
 Reporting what happend or happening report
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
 A reporting study
 It provides a summation of data, often recasting data
to achieve a deeper understanding or to generate
statistics for commparison. Ex. Daily crime report
 Descriptive
 If the research is concerned with finding out how,
what, where, when, or how much, then ....
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 2

 Causal
 Explanatory: If a study is concerned with learning
why-that is, how one variable produces changes in
another –it is causal-explanatory.
 Predictive: this study attempts to predict an effect on
one variable by manipulating another variable while
holding all other variables constant. Video
surveyllance camera and its impact on reducing theft.
THE TIME DIMENSION
 Cross-sectional
 Are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one
point in time.
 Longitudinal studies
 Are repeated over an extended period. Track changes
overtime
 s
THE TOPICAL SCOPE
 Statistical Studies
 Are designed for breadth rather than depth. They attempt
to capture a population’s characteristics by making
inferences from a sample’s characteristics. Hypotheses
are tested quantitatively.
 Case Studies
 Place more emphasis on a full contextual alalysis of
fewer events or conditions and their interrelations. An
emphasis on detail provide valuable insights for problem
solving, evaluation and strategy.
THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
 Field condition
 Laboratory condition

 Simulations (to replicate) are increasingly used

specially in operational research. The major
characteristics of various conditions and
relationships in actual situations are often represented
in mathematical model (mystery shoppers).
PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS
 Participant perceive no deviations from everyday
routine
 Participant perceive deviations but as unrelated to
researcher
 Participant perceive deviations as researcher-
induced.
 Ex mistery shoppers
>EXPLORATORY STUDIES
 Through exploration researchers develop
concepts more clearly, establish priorities,
develop operational definition, and improve the
final research design.
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES

 Exploration relies more heavily on qualititative techniques

 Scope of qualitative research (exploratory investigations
 Individual depth interviews (conversations)
 Participant observation, expert interview
 Psychological testing (games, role playing)
 Case studies, document analysis, video analysis
 Street ethnograpy
 Exploratory techniques
 Secondary data analysis
 Experience surveys
 Focus group
 Two-stage designs (define research question and develop research
design)
>DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
 Descriptions of phenomena or characteristics
 Estimates of the proportions of a populations
 Discovery of associations among different
variables
CAUSAL STUDIES
 Correlation and covariation
 Time order of events
 No other possible events for a particular event

 Symmetrical (fluctuate together)

 Reciprocal (mutually influence)
 Asymmetrical (opposite)
TYPES OF ASSYMETRICAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS EXHIBIT 6-6

 Stimulaus-Response
 An event or change results in a response from some
objects.
 Property-Disposition
 Age existing property causes a disposition
 Disposition-Behavior
 A disposition causes a particular behavior
 Property-Behavior
 An extisting property causes a specific behavior
THANK YOU

Source: Book, Cooper & Schindler, chapter 6

further source https://slideplayer.com/slide/9373592/