Good

Morning!
GEOLOGICA
L HAZARDS
Learning Objectives:
 discuss the different geological hazards
 analyze the causes of geological hazards
 recognize signs of impending geological hazard
 apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and
properties
 interpret geological maps
 Rainfall-
induced
Landslides
Landslide can be defined as the
downslope movement of
materials such as soil and
rocks under the effects of
gravity and also the
landform that results
from such movement
Types of Landslide
a. Fall
materials
descend by
falling, bouncing
or rolling
Types of Landslide
b. Topple
a block of material is
detached from a
steep slope and
moves forward &
downward around a
point of axis
Types of Landslide
c. Slide
detached mass of
materials moves
along a
downward
sloping surface
Types of Landslide
c. Slide
Types of Landslide
d. Flow
materials from
gentle slopes are
detached & flow
like a viscous
liquid along a
surface
Types of Landslide
e. Spread
when the mass of
soil or rocks
extends or
spread laterally
Types of Landslide
f. Soil Creep
a very slow downslope
movement of particles
that occurs in every slope
covered with loose,
weathered material
Types of Landslide
g. Slump
is a downward
movement of rock
debris, usually the
consequence of removal
of buttressing earth at
the foot of a slope of
unconsolidated material
 Causes of Landslides
Natural Causes
 Climate  Volcanic Eruption
 Earthquake  Forest Fire
 Weathering  Gravity
 Erosion
 Causes of Landslides
Human Causes
 Mining  Deforestation
 Clear cutting  Building of roads
 Excavation and dams
 Irrigation
 Warning Signs of Impending
Landslide
 Earlier landslide as indicator
 Tension cracks
 Things moving
 Water Doing Something Different
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do Before a Landslide
 Prepare an emergency/survival
kit.
 Make and discuss a family
communication plan
 Landslide Preparedness
Family Communication Plan Includes:
 Address and phone numbers of parents (office
and landline), siblings (school), neighbors and
relatives.
 Landslide Preparedness
Family Communication Plan Includes:
 Pick a meeting place when you need to leave
your home or your neighborhood needs to
evacuate.
 Landslide Preparedness
Family Communication Plan Includes:
 Draw a map of your neighborhood; include
your home, school and meeting place.
 Landslide Preparedness
Family Communication Plan Includes:
 Draw a floor plan of your house emphasizing
a predetermined way-out or exit point.
 Landslide Preparedness
Family Communication Plan Includes:
 Out of town contacts
 Medical contacts
 Family information
 Insurance information
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do During a Landslide
 Evacuate immediately if warned of an
impending landslide or mudflow.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do During a Landslide
 Stay away from the path of landslide
debris, or seek refuge behind a sturdy
tree or boulder (rock).
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do During a Landslide
 Get out of the building as soon as
possible when rumbling sounds are
heard from upstream or the trembling
of the ground is felt, indicating a
possible mudflow.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do During a Landslide
 Run across a slope, not downwards.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do After a Landslide
 Recommend to proper authorities to
examine thoroughly the damaged
structures and utilities before re-
occupying facilities.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do After a Landslide
 Check with caution injured and
trapped persons within the landslide
area.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do After a Landslide
 Stay away from landslide area. There
maybe danger of additional
landslides.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do After a Landslide
 Listen to local radio or television
stations for the latest emergency
information.
 Landslide Preparedness
What To Do After a Landslide
 Seek advice of geotechnical experts
for evaluating landslide hazards or
designing corrective techniques to
reduce landslide risk.
 Landslide Preparedness
Activities to reduce the likelihood of a
landslide:
 Minimize irrigation on slopes
 Make sure water & sewer lines do not leak
 Avoid removing material from the base of slopes
 Avoid adding material or excess water to the top of
slopes
 Landslide Preparedness
Activities to reduce the likelihood of a
landslide:
 Drain water from surface runoff, down-spouts, storm
drains or natural drainages
 Plant ground cover with deep roots on slopes
 Build retaining walls at the base of the slope
 Landslide Preparedness
Activities to reduce the likelihood of a
landslide:
 In debris/mudflow prone areas, in valley bottoms, or on fans at
the mouths of canyons, contact qualified professionals to
determine how to best build channels and/or deflection walls to
direct the flow around buildings (keeping in mind your
neighbors)
 Landslide Preparedness
To minimize landslide risks, the ff. can also be done in your
 Hazard
community: mapping
 Public information
 Engineering intervention measures or slope protection
measures (benching, retaining walls, riprap, gabion walls,
shotcrete, drainage, erosion-control coconets, & erosion control
vetiver grass)
 Early warning systems
Sinkholes
 Sinkholes
 are depressions or openings in the
ground surface
 they are generally formed as a result of
a collapse in the ceiling of an
underground cavity or cavern
 typically develop slowly, but can also
form suddenly when a collapse occurs
 Sinkholes
 are most common in what geologists’
call, “karst terrain” – is a type of
topography that is formed by dissolution
of bedrock in areas underlain by
limestone, dolostone or gypsum
 often known as “sink” or “doline”
 Types
of
Sinkholes
 a. Dissolution Sinkholes
 occurs where there is a little
soil or vegetation over the
soluble rock
 aggressive dissolution occurs
where flow is focused in pre-
existing openings in the rock,
such as along joints, fractures,
and bedding planes, or in the
zone of water
b. Cover-subsidence Sinkholes
 tend to develop
gradually where
the covering
sediments are
permeable and
contain sand
c. Cover-collapse Sinkholes
 tend to develop
abruptly and cause
catastrophic damages
 they occur where the
covering sediments
contain significant
amounts of clay
 d. Artificial Sinkholes
 such type of sinks may be caused by
various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and building
 Causes of Sinkholes
Natural Causes
 Dissolution of sedimentary rocks
Human Causes
 Underground water pumping
 Warning Signs of Impending
Sinkholes
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 New small ponds that appear after rain
 Cracks in the ground
 Sudden drainage of a pond
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
 Warning Signs of Impending
Sinkholes
 Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a yard
 Dead patches of grass or plants
 Sinkholes in the neighborhood
 Wilted vegetation in a limited area
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated with
debris
 Warning Signs of Impending
Sinkholes
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab
 Presence of odd bugs like slugs, centipedes in homes
 Earthly odor in home after rain
 New or widening cracks
 Separation between walls & ceiling or floors
 Cracks around door and window frames
 Warning Signs of Impending
Sinkholes
 Cracked grout between tiles
 Cracked tiles
 Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
 Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging
sections
 Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
 Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows
Interpreting
Geohazard
Maps
TITLE

SCALE
COMPASS ROSE

LEGEND

SOURCE
Geological Hazard Map
 is a map indicating the areas that are
vulnerable to hazards such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
landslides
Geological Hazard Map
 such maps are useful for designing safe
infrastructures, planning appropriate
land usage, and preparing emergency
mitigation and response
Geohazard map has the basic parts:
© Map Title
© Symbols
© Legend
© Scale
© Orientation Compass
© Coordinates
© Source
Thank
You!
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