Transmission Lines (TLs)

By

Dr. Sadiq Ullah

Telecom engineering department

UET Peshawar (Mardan campus)
EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 1
 Transmission Line Circuit

[Ref] Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics by Fawwaz ( All content)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 2
 Standing Waves
(1)

The amplitude of the voltage on the Transmission Line can be written as:

(2)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 3

 Standing waves...
As shown in Fig. 2-12, Put z=-d in eq (2)

(3a)

Similarly an equation for the current can be derived:

(3b)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 4

Standing waves:
Caused by the
interference of two
travelling waves

(Constructive interference)

(Destructive interference)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 5

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 6
 In eq. (3a)

When

(4a)
n= 0 (1st Maxima)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 7

When

(4b)

(5)

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EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 9
EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 10
EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 11
 Special Cases of Lossless Line
Case I:
z

Γ=-1, s=∞

z = -d

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 12

 (6)

It can also be derived directly from the

following equation by putting ZL0;

(6a)

Where, zL=ZL/Z0, (normalized )

Generally,

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 (7a)

(7b)

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 (8a)

(8b)

Applications:
•High-Speed ICs
• MW circuits
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Case II: Open Circuited Line

(9)

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Applications of the SC and OC Techniques

(10a)

(10b)

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 (6a)
Where: zL=ZL/Z0

Consequently (6a) leads to:

(11)

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Quarter Wavelength (λ/4) Transformer

Where: zL=ZL/Z0

(12)

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Zs= Zin

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(12)

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Matched Transmission line

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Power Flow On Lossless Transmission Line
Incident reflected
(13)

In time domain:

(14)

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 Instantaneous incident power (Delivered to the load)

= +

Instantaneous reflected power (Away from the load)

Return Loss=RL=(Reflected P)/(Incident P)=-r
EMF-II =-20logLines)
(Transmission
2
10(r)
25
EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 26
(1)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 27

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 28
(2)

EMF-II (Transmission Lines) 29