THEORY

Prepared by: Nezzea Joan A. Elles

 A theory is a set of accepted beliefs or organized
principles that explain and guide analysis and one of
the ways that theory is defined is that it is different

THEORY from practice, when certain principles are tested. For

example, you could be a musician who plays well but
who doesn't have a lot of experience with the theory of
music. This word is a noun and comes from the Greek
theoria, which means "contemplation or speculation."
 • A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes and predicts
behavior.
• Theories are influenced directly by cultural values and belief systems of their times.
• Theories guide and give meaning to what we see.
• Theory allows us to explain what we see and to figure out how to bring about
change.
• Theory is a tool that enables us to identify a problem.
• Theory helps us explain what is being done and demonstrate that it works.
• We can combine knowledge with theories from both within and outside the area of
distance.
 THEORY
Scientific EXAMPLES
ECONOMIC
Theories THEORIES

Psychological Theories
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Philosophical Theories
POLITICAL
THEORIES
 SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
A scientific theory is a well-tested and widely accepted explanation for natural phenomena.
Scientific theories begin as hypotheses.

BIG BANG THEORY

•It is the idea that the universe

began as just a single point, then
expanded and stretched to grow as
large as it is right now—and it is
still stretching!
 SCIENTIFIC
THEORY
THEORY OF EVOLUTION

•species can change over

time, that new species come
from pre-existing species,
and that all species share a
common ancestor.
 EXAMPLES

ECONOMIC
THEORIES
An economic theory is a set of concepts and
principles that define how various economies
work. An economist may use theories for a variety
of goals, depending on their specific function.

A macroeconomic theory of total

spending in the economy and its effects
on output, employment, and inflation.
ALTHUSIAN ECONOMICS
•the human population grows more
rapidly than the food supply until
famines, war or disease reduces the
population

For example, if every member of a family tree

reproduces, the tree will continue to grow with each
generation
 SOCIOLOGICAL
THEORY
A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. In other words, a theory is
an explanation for why or how a phenomenon occurs.

EXAMPLES
 SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONALISM
•theory assumes that people respond to
elements of their environments according to
the subjective meanings they attach to those
elements, such as meanings being created
and modified through social interaction
involving symbolic communication with
other people.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
Psychological theories explain the long-term consequences of human behavior and provide robust evidence-
based clarifications as to why people believe, behave, and react how they do. These theories discuss factors of
personality, early experiences, and interpersonal relations.

SIGMUND FREUD

•Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that human behavior is

influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges.
This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three
aspects: the id, ego, and superego. The id is entirely
unconscious, while the ego operates in the conscious mind.
BEHAVORIS
M
the theory that human and animal
behavior can be explained in terms of
conditioning, without appeal to
thoughts or feelings, and that some
mental conditions are best treated by
altering behavior patterns
PHILOSOPHICA A philosophical theory or philosophical position is a view that

L THEORIES
attempts to explain or account for a particular problem in
philosophy

STOIC

Stoicism, a school of thought that flourished in Greek and Roman

antiquity. It was one of the loftiest and most sublime philosophies in
the record of Western civilization. In urging participation in human
affairs, Stoics have always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to
provide a mode of conduct characterized by tranquillity of mind and
certainty of moral worth.
METAPHYSICS
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies
the fundamental nature of reality. This includes the
first principlesof: being or existence, identity, change,
space and time, cause and effect, necessity, actuality,
and possibility.
Metaphysics studies questions related to what it is for
something to exist and what types of existence there are.
Metaphysics seeks to answer, in an abstract and fully
general manner, the questions of: What is it that exists;
and What it is like.
 POLITICAL
THEORY
involves the study of the history of political thought as
well as problems in contemporary political life that
have a philosophical dimension.

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the
monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The
political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from
restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy), to fully
autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can span across executive,
legislative, and judicial domains.
THANK YOU