Discourse

Markers
• Discourse markers are words or phrases used in
speech and writing to help structure and organize
communication.
• They serve various functions, such as signaling
relationships between ideas, highlighting important
points, or indicating a speaker's attitude or stance.
 Addition: These markers show • Additionally, moreover, furthermore,
that a new idea or information is
being added to the previous one. also, in addition.

Contrast: These markers • However, on the other hand, but,

indicate a difference or
opposition between two ideas. nevertheless, although, whereas.

Types of
Discourse • Therefore, thus, consequently, as a result,
Cause and Effect: They show a
cause-and-effect relationship
between ideas. because.
Markers:
Emphasis: These markers • Indeed, in fact, especially, particularly,
emphasize a particular point or
idea. notably.

Enumeration: They are used to • Firstly, secondly, thirdly, in conclusion,

list items or ideas. to begin with.
 Types of Discourse Markers:
Time: These markers indicate the timing or
Meanwhile, afterwards, before, next, now, later.
sequence of events.

Summarization: They help summarize or

In summary, to sum up, in conclusion, all in all.
conclude a discussion.

Example: These markers introduce examples or

For example, for instance, such as.
illustrations.

Clarification: They are used to clarify or In other words, that is to say, to clarify, to put it
rephrase a previous statement. differently.

Agreement: These markers express agreement

Indeed, absolutely, certainly, of course.
with a previous statement.
 In Writing: Discourse markers are used in essays, research papers, and other forms of
academic and formal writing to improve clarity and structure.

In Speech: In spoken language, discourse markers help convey the speaker's intentions,
guide the listener, and maintain smooth conversation flow.

In Debates and Discussions: Discourse markers are often used to signal shifts between
Usage of arguments, counterarguments, or to emphasize key points during debates or discussions.

Discourse
Markers: In Presentations: Speakers use discourse markers to transition between slides or sections
in a presentation, making it easier for the audience to follow along.

In Storytelling: In storytelling, discourse markers can be used to build suspense, indicate

a change in setting or time, or provide additional context.

In Formal Documents: They are used in legal documents, contracts, and official reports
to structure and clarify information.