Reproduction In Plants

MD MOTIOUR RAHMAN KHAN

Senior Teacher Date: 27.08.2023
Department of Biology
motiourksa@gmail.com, mrkhan_03@yahoo.com Sunday

Learning Objectives
After completing the lesson, You should be able to -

• Define Reproduction and its types with examples.

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual

reproduction

• Define fertilisation as the fusion of gamete nuclei.

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual

reproduction
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Reproduction: Reproduction is the processes that make more of the
same kind of organisms.

Asexual Reproduction-

Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

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 Asexual Reproduction
Definition: Asexual reproduction is a process resulting in the
production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

In asexual reproduction a new organism is formed without

involvement of gametes or fertilization.
Some examples of asexual reproduction.

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 Some examples of asexual reproduction

 Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.

 Inside an individual bacterium, the DNA replicates.
 the cell divides into two, with each daughter cell containing a copy of the
parental DNA.
 Once the daughter cells have grown, they can also reproduce.

Fig. Binary fission in bacteria

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 Fungi can reproduce asexually by producing
spores, which may be formed inside a
structure called a sporangium.
 When ripe, the sporangium bursts open
allowing the spores to be dispersed.
 In suitable conditions the spores germinate
and grow to form new individuals.

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• Potatoes are stem tubers. The parent plant photosynthesises and
stores the food produced in underground stems, which swell to
form tubers.
• Each tuber contains stored starch, and there are buds in
depressions in the surface known as eyes.
• In suitable conditions the buds use the stored food to form
shoots, from which roots also develop. Each tuber can form a
new plant.

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 Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction:

Advantages:

• Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only

one parent when conditions are favourable.
• Large colonies can form that can out-compete other organisms for
nutrients and water.
• Large numbers of organisms mean that species may survive when
conditions or the number of predators change.
• Energy is not required to find a mate

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 Disadvantages

• Offspring are genetic clones. A negative mutation can make

asexually produced organisms susceptible to disease and can
destroy large numbers of offspring.
• Some methods of asexual reproduction produce offspring that are
close together and compete for food and space.
• Unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe
out entire colonies

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 Sexual Reproduction

Definition of sexual reproduction:

Sexual reproduction is a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of
two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of
offspring that is genetically different from each other.

Definition of Fertilisation:
Fertilisation is the fusion of gamete nuclei

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 Meiosis

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 Sexual Reproduction

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 Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction:

Some of the advantages of sexual reproduction:

• introduces variation into a population
• the species can adapt to new environments
• a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population

Some of the disadvantages of sexual reproduction:

• time and energy are needed to find a mate

• not possible for an isolated individual

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 Home work
• Read the text book pages 197-206
• Do ex. Questions 16.1-16.12
• Learn diagrams

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 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
MD MOTIOUR RAHMAN KHAN
Senior Teacher Date: 30.08.2023
Department of Biology
motiourksa@gmail.com, mrkhan_03@yahoo.com Wednesday

Learning Objectives
After completing the lesson, You should be able to -
• Identify and draw the sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and
anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules, of an insect-
pollinated flower.
• State the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers, stigmas and
ovaries
• Identify and describe the anthers and stigmas of a wind-
pollinated flower.
• Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and
wind-pollinated flowers.
• Define the different types of pollination.
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 Sexual Reproduction in Plants

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 Wind-pollinated flower.

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 Wind-pollinated flower.

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 Wind-pollinated flower.

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 Comparison between insect-pollinated and wind- pollinated flowers
Insect pollinated flowers
large, colourful petals , often with
guide-lines
often strongly scented
often have nectaries at the base of
petals
anthers inside flower, where insect has
to brush past them to reach nectar
Stigma inside the flower, where insect
has to brush past it to reach nectar
Sticky or spiky pollen grains, which
stick to insects
Quite large quantities of pollen grains
are produced because some will be
eaten or land onto the wrong kind of
flowers
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Wind pollinated flowers
Small, colourless petals or no petals at all
no scent
no nectaries
Anthers dangling outside the flowers,
where they catch the wind
Stigma large and feathery and dangling
outside the flower, where pollen in the air
may land on it
Smooth, light pollen, which can be blown
in the wind
Very large quantities of pollen grains are
produced because most of them will be
blown away and lost.
 Pollen grains and ovules

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 Pollination and its types

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 Pollination and its types

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 Pollination and its types

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 Pollination and its types

Pollination: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the

anther to the stigma.

Self-pollination: Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from

the anther of a flower to the stigma
of the same flower or different flower on the same plant.

Cross-pollination: Cross-pollination is transfer of pollen grains from

the anther of a flower to the stigma
of a flower on a different plant of the same species

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 Implications of self-pollination and cross-pollination to a species

Self-pollination:

 In self-pollination, male and female parts mature at the same time.

 Pollination may occur even if the flower is closed
 Offspring may become weak as pollination occurs within the same plant.
 New variety does not developed
 Parental characteristics are preserved.

Cross pollination:
 in cross pollination male and female parts mature at different times
 Pollination occurs only when flower is opened.
 Offspring become healthier
 New variety is possible to developed
 Does not preserve parental characteristics
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 Home work
• Read the text book pages 197-206
• Do ex. Questions 16.13-16.20
• Learn diagrams

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 Reproduction In Plants
MD MOTIOUR RAHMAN KHAN
Senior Teacher Date: 15.09.2023
Department of Biology
motiourksa@gmail.com, mrkhan_03@yahoo.com Wednesday

Learning Objectives
After completing the lesson, You should be able to -
• Discuss that fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with
a nucleus in an ovule.
• Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the
ovule followed by fertilisation.
• Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect
germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for water,
oxygen and a suitable temperature.

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Fertilisation: a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

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 Fertilisation: a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

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 Growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule

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 Growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule

• If pollen grains are of the same species as the flower they land
on, they may germinate.
• Germination is triggered by a sugary solution on the stigma, and
involves the growth of a pollen tube from the pollen grain.
• The pollen tube contains the male nucleus, which is needed to
fertilise the ovule inside the ovary.
• The pollen tube grows down the style, through the ovary wall,
and through the micropyle of the ovule.
• Fertilisation is the fusion of the male nucleus with the female
nucleus.
• If the ovary contains a lot of ovules, each will need to be
fertilised by a different
pollen nucleus.

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 Post fertilisational change and seed formation

Floral parts Fate after fertilisation

1 Sepals, petals and Wither and drop off
stamens
2 Ovary fruit
3 Ovary wall Pericarp (fruit wall)
4 Ovule seed
5 integument (ovule wall) Seed coat (testa)
6 Secondary nucleus endosperm
7 Egg Zygote (zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo
plant )
8 Hilum and micropyle Shows no change

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 Post fertilisational change and seed formation

Fig. Structure of a bean seed

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 Environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds,
• Germination is the start of growth in the seed.
• Three factors are required for successful germination:

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 Environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds,
1.Water:
• water is absorbed through micropyle until radicle is forced out of
testa.
• Water activates amylase and protease enzymes to breakdown starch
molecules to maltose and proteins into amino acids respectively.
• They dissolve in water and diffuse to the embryo plant and are used
for growth and production of energy.

2. Oxygen:
Aeration of the soil is absolutely necessary for the germination of the
seed because oxygen is necessary for the aerobic respiration by which
the seeds get the requisite energy for the growth of the embryo.

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 Environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds,

3. Suitable Temperature:
Seeds normally germinate within a wide temperature range. However,
freshly harvested seeds of several plants germinate only within a
narrow temperature range which widens only when after-ripening has
taken place

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 Class work

Draw and label fig. 16.4,16.12 and 16.13

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 Home work
• Read the text book pages 197-206
• Do ex. Questions 16.21-16.27
• Do end of chapter questions
• Learn diagrams

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