Fluid Mechanics

 The study of the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion.

 Fluids can be either liquids or gases
 Liquids flow freely and conform to the shape of their
containers
 Gases completely fill their containers
 FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Hydrostatics

Aerodynamics Hydrodynamics
 FLUID STATICS

 STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FORCES ON FLUIDS AT

REST.

 A branch of fluid mechanics which treats fluids in the

equilibrium state of no shear stress.

 Often regarded the same as HYDROSTATICS.

FLUID:
A substance which deforms continuously
under the action of shearing forces, however
small they may be.

A substance that readily flows.

Fluid Properties
 Liquids:
- slightly compressible
- viscous
- viscosity decreases with temperature
 Gases:
- highly compressible
- less viscous
- viscosity increases with temperature
DENSITY Mass Density, 
DENSIT Weight Density, 
Y m g g kg3  1kgkg kg
 H 2O  1.0 11000
 H 2cc  1000 1
Mass Density v cc m m 3l
O
l
 amount of substance per unit volume
kg g slug 1m 3  1000l  1Kl  1 10 6 cc
 mass per unit volume g kg
m 3
cm 3
ft 3
 seaH 2O  1.03  1030 g 3 kg
m kg g slug  seaH 2Occ 1.03 m 1030 3
  ;
m 3 cm 3
; ft 3 cc m
v g
 Hg  13.6
cc
Weight Density lbs
w mg   62 . 47
lbs
  per
 weight  g
 unit volume  H 2O  62 3 ft 3
freshH 2 O
v v ft
w mg  lbs3 ; N ; dyne
   lbs Ng dyne ft 3
cm3
 64 .45
lbs
lbs
v ftv3 3
m seaH 2 O
 seaH 2O  64 3ft 3
m 3
cm ft
DENSITIES OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES @
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & ROOM
Mass Density,  TEMPERATURE
DENSIT Weight Density, 
SOLIDS
Y g kg kg
 H 2O  1  1000 3  1
Mass Density cc m l
 amount of substance per unit volume
 mass per unit volume 1m 3  1000l  1Kl  1 10 6 cc
g kg
m kg g slug  seaH 2O  1.03  1030 3
  ;
m 3 cm 3
; ft 3 cc m
v g
 Hg  13.6
cc
Weight Density
 weight per unit volume lbs
 H 2O  62
w mg ft 3
lbs N ; dyne
   g  ft 3 ; 3
lbs
v v m 3 cm  seaH 2O  64
ft 3
LIQUIDS

Weight Density, 

g kg kg
 H 2O  1  1000 3  1
Mass Density cc m l
 amount of substance per unit volume
 mass per unit volume 1m 3  1000l  1Kl  1 10 6 cc
g kg
m kg g slug  seaH 2O  1.03  1030 3
  ;
m 3 cm 3
; ft 3 cc m
v g
 Hg  13.6
cc
Weight Density
 weight per unit volume lbs
 H 2O  62
w mg ft 3
lbs N ; dyne
   g  ft 3 ; 3
lbs
v v m 3 cm  seaH 2O  64
ft 3
GASES Mass Density, 
DENSIT Weight Density, 
Y g kg kg
 H 2O  1  1000 3  1
Mass Density cc m l
 amount of substance per unit volume
 mass per unit volume 1m 3  1000l  1Kl  1 10 6 cc
g kg
m kg g slug  seaH 2O  1.03  1030 3
  ;
m 3 cm 3
; ft 3 cc m
v g
 Hg  13.6
cc
Weight Density
 weight per unit volume lbs
 H 2O  62
w mg ft 3
lbs N ; dyne
   g  ft 3 ; 3
lbs
v v m 3 cm  seaH 2O  64
ft 3
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 ratio of the mass density of a substance to that of fresh water.
 also referred to as relative density.


a pure number that refers to the ratio of the mass density of a
substance to that of fresh subs
water.
sp.g 
  subs
sp.gr. 2
freshH O
 freshH O
SPECIFIC WEIGHT 2

 ratio of the weight density of a substance to that of fresh water.

SPECIFIC WEIGHT
 also referred to as relative weight.
 subs
ratio of the weight density of a substance to that of fresh water.

sp.w. 
 freshH 2O  subs
sp.wt. 
 freshH 2O
 PRESSURE,
PRESSURE,Pp 11atm  1 .013  15 5 Pa
10
 1.013 10 Pa
force per unit area
atm 1.1013
.013bar
bar
force per unit area
amount of force applied
amount of force exertedacting oversample
by a fluid an area.over an
1013
1013 millibars
millibar
area. N
1atm
m3
 Pa 1414
.7.7psi
psi

1atm 760
760 torr
torr
760
760 mmHg
mmHg
 29.92inchHg
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, Pliquid
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, pliquid
 pressure generated by the weight of a volume of liquid acting over an area.
pressure generated on an area by the weight of a column of liquid.
F mg mgh
P     gh
A V F mgV mgh
Ph    gh height of the liquid column
V
A V depth
height of the liqid
P  h
depth h
P
P
Ph
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, patm
 Pressure of the accumulated weight of the column of air acting over all
objects on the surface of the earth.
 Also known as Barometric Pressure.
 At the Earth’s surface, has a value of 1 atm (= 14.7 psi or 101325 Pa)

altitude ≈ pressure

The barometric formula used to calculate atmospheric pressure at any altitude h is

Ph = P0e-mgh/kT

• m = mass of one air molecule

• g = acceleration due to gravity

• k = Boltzmann's constant (ideal gas constant divided by Avogadro's number)

• T = temperature
altitude ≈ pressure
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERIC pabs Patm
PRESSURE,
pressure of the accumulated weight of the column of air acting over all objects
on the surface of the earth.

altitude ≈ pressure

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, Pabs

 true pressure

GAUGE PRESSURE, PgaugeP

 pressure differential P  Pabs  Patm
pressure read by a pressure gauge
 difference between the Pabs and the Patm
 Properties of fluid pressure

1. HYDROSTATICS
The force a fluid at rest exerts on the walls of its
container always act perpendicular to the walls.

study of fluids at rest.

1. An external pressure added on a fluid is
transmitted uniformly throughout the volume of
• The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject.
the fluid.
It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium.

2. Pressure on a small surface in a fluid is the

same regardless of the orientation of the
surface
 Concept check:
HYDROSTATICS
1. How much pressure is there inside a totally
studycontainment?
emptied closed of fluids at rest.
• 2.What is therefers
The term usually lowest
to the possible
mathematicalvalue
treatment forof gauge
the subject.
It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
pressure? for absolute pressure?
in stable equilibrium.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. How much greater is the pressure at the bottom of Marianas’
PROBLEM:
Trench 35,000 ft deep compared to the pressure at sea level?
1.What isg the pressure
kg differential at the1mbottom of Marianas
 seaHTrench
2O
 1.03
35000 ft
1030
deep?3 h  35000 ft   10,667.48m
cc m 3.281 ft
g kg 1m
 seaH 2O  1.03  1030 3 h  35000 ft   10667.48m
cc m 3.281 ft
P  gh
P  ?P  gh
1,030kg? 9.81m 
 P3   2 10,667.48m 
m  1,030
s kg  9.81m 10,667.48m 
3  2 
8
m  1satm 
 1.08 10 Pa  5 1atm
1.8013  10 Pa
 1.08  10 Pa 
1.013  105 Pa
P  1,064
P  1,.064
04.04
atm atm
2. Find the pressure increase in the fluid in a syringe, when a
2. Find the pressure increase in the fluid n a syringe, when a
nurse applies
burse appliesaa force
force of
of 42.3 N toto the
42.3 N thesyringe’s
syringe’s piston
piston of of
diameter 1.12
diameter cm.
1.12cm.

F= F= 42.3N
42.3N
d= d= 1.12cm
1.12cm 1.12x10
1.12x10 mm
-2 -2

∆P P==? ?

F 4F 442.3N 
p  F  4 F 2  442.3N   2 2
P  A   d2   1.12  210 m 
A d  1.12  10 m 
5
p4.429.29
 10 Pa Pa
5
10
3. The human lungs can still
operate against a pressure

HYDROSTATICS
differential of 0.05 atm. How far
below the water level can a diver
breathing through a long tube
snorkel breathe?
study of fluids at rest.
• The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject.
It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium.
4. As a result of the passage of the storm, the outside air
pressure drops to 980 mb but the inside pressure remains
3. The office window is 3.43m by 2.08m. As a result of the passage
at
of 1the
atm (=1013.25
storm mb).airWhat
the outside netdrops
pressure forcetopushes
980 mbout
buton
thethe
window that measures
inside pressure remains at3.43m
1 atm.byWhat
2.08m ? force pushes out on
net
the window?

ΔP= 1013mb – 980mb

1.013 105 Pa
= 33mb 33mb   3300Pa
1013mb
A = lw
= 3.43m x 2.08m
F
P 
=7.13m2 A
Fnet  PA  3300 Pa 7.13m 2 
 23,529 N  23.53KN
 5. An airtight box having lid with the area of 12 in2 is
4. An air type box having lid with the area of 12 in is partially
2
partially Ifevacuated.
evacuated. If albs.minimum
a force of 108 is requiredforce
to pull ofthe
108lidlbs.
of is
required
the to pull
box and the thePatm
outside lid ofis the boxWhat
15 psi. and isthe
theoutside
pressurePin
atm is
14.7
the box?psi. What is the pressure in the box?
Finput = 10N
Ai =0.01m2
F = 2108 lbs
Ao =0.05m Pout = pin + padded
Fout =A ? = 12 in2

pinsideF=A? 10 N 0 = 2patm
p.out5m
Fo  i o
 2
 500 N
Ai 0.01m
padded = F/A
F 108lbs
pin  1atm   14.7 psi  2
 5.7 psi
A 12in
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
HYDROSTATICS
Archimedes An object, partially or wholly submerged in
:”
a fluid is buoyed-up by a force that is equal to the weight of
study of fluids at rest.
the fluid displaced.”

• The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject.

It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium.
BUOYANCY
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE BUOYANCY

 an •object,
OTHER TERM
partially FOR ARCHIMEDES’
USEDsubmerged
of wholly in a fluid in buoyantPRINCIPLE
up by a fluid that is
equal•ALSO REFERRED
to the weight of the fluidTO AS FLOTATION
displaced.
sink or afloat
afloat!
afloat!
afloat!
afloat!
afloat!
afloat!
afloat! sink!
afloat! sink!

i n k! !
s i nk
s

Afloat: Sink :
Afloat: Sink :
Win air = Fβ = Wliqdisp Win air = Win liq = Wlost
Win air = Fβ = Wliqdisp W - W liq = Wlost
Wlostin=air Fβ =inW liqdisp
Wlost = Fβ = W liqdisp
 PROBLEMS:
PROBLEMS
PROBLEM:
1.An iceberg is a chunk of glacial ice cut-off from an icecap.
1.An
Whaticeberg is a chunkof
percentage of its
glacial ice cut-off
volume from an
is below ice.
the What percentage of
waterline?
its volume is below the waterline?
wice
Vice Wice = Fbouyant = WseaH O displaced
2

Wice = WseaH O displaced

2

mgice =mgseaH
FB 2O

F
let x = percentage of submerged
B
ice

W  mg  Vg  g
But, V seaH O displaced = Vsubmerged ice
2

= 0.89029
2. Three children, each of weight 82.4 lbs make a log raft by lashing together logs of
diameter 1.05ft and length by 5.8ft. How many logs will be needed to keep them float.
3. Three children lbs
each of weight 82.4 lbs make a log raft by lashing together logs
log  47.3
of diameter 1.05ftft 3 and length by 5.8ft. How many logs will be needed to keep
them float. lbs
  47.3 3
ft
3. A block of wood has a mass of 3.67kg and ρ of 594 kg/m3. It is to be loaded with lead so
that it will float in water with 0.883 of its volume submerged. What is the mass of lead
6. A block
needed if theoflead
wood has a mass
is attached of 3.67kg,
below ρ of 594 kg/m3. It is to be loaded with
the wood?
ρleadlead so that it will float in water with 0.883 of its volume submerged. What was
= 11.4g/cc
the mass of lead is needed? (a) if the lead is top of the wood (b) if the lead is
a. FB =attached
WH Odisp below the wood. ρlead = 11.4g/cc Mw 3.67 kg
2 V    6.178  10 3 m 3
Mass of wood = 3.67 kg
w
w kg
594
a.ρ FB = Wdisp 3
wood =594kg/m
m3
VwoodMass of wood = 3.67 kg
submerged in H2O = 0.883 Vw
ρwood =594kg/m
Wtotal  3
Wlead  Wwood  FB  Wfluiddisp
Vsubmerged in H2O = 0.883 Vw
M w H 3 (VkgH 2 Odisp) g  m
.67 g  mwood g
Vw   2O  6.178  10 3 mlead
3

w kg
 H 2O (V
594
mlead
3  Vwoodsubmerged )  mlead  mwood
Wtotal  Wlead  Wwood
 1000 kg  mlead
 H 2O 0.883  3

Vw g 3M leadg  M woodg0.883 6.178  10 m   mlead  3.67 kg
3

  m  lead 
 100kg  3  9.81m   9.81m    9.81m  
 m 3 0.8836.178 10 m    3.67kg 
3
  M wood  
1000 kg  m  
 
 
2 2 2
  
lead s    s 3 
3  s 

 m 3 
kg 3
 5 .455  10 m 
  m lead  3 .67 kg
kg m
53.515  2  36.003  11  ,
m 400 kg /
 M wood 
m
 9. 81 m 
 
2 2
s s s
0.08772 mlead  5.455kg mlead  3.67 kg
kg  m
17.513 m 2  0.08772 mlead  5.455kg  3.67 kg
slead  M
m wood
9.81 20 . 91228 m lead  1.785 kg
s
1.785kgm lead  1.957 kg
M wood
4. A hollow spherical shell floats almost completely submerged in water. The
outer diameter is 58.7cm and the density of iron is 7.87g/cc. Determine
4. A hollow spherical shell floats almost completely submerged in water. The outer
thediameter
inner diameter of the shell.
is 58.7cm and the density of iron is 7.87g/cc. Determine the inner
Answer: di the
diameter of = 56.10
shell. cm.
Wshell = WFe + Wairinside
Wshell

FB
FB
5. A block of wood floats in H2O with 0.646 of its volume submerged. In oil, it has 0.918
4.of A
itshollow
volumespherical
submerged.
shellFind thealmost
floats ρwood and ρoil.
completely submerged in water. The outer
diameter is 58.7cm and the density of iron is 7.87g/cc. Determine the inner
Vwood in H 2O  0.646
Given: diameter of the shell.
Vwood inWoil  0.918
shell

FB