Chapter9 PPT

Chapter Nine
Geometry and Measurement

Section 9.1
Lines and Angles

A plane is a flat surface that extends
indefinitely.
Plane
Space extends in all directions

indefinitely.
3
Martin-Gay, Prealgebra, 5ed
Point
The most basic concept of geometry is the

idea of a point in space. A point has no
length, no width, and no height, but it
does have location. We will represent a
point by a dot, and we will label points
with letters.
A
Point A
4
Line AB or AB
A B
Line Segment AB or AB
A B
Ray AB or AB
A B
5
An angle is made up of two rays that share
the same endpoint called a vertex.
Vertex
x
B
C
The angle can be named ABC, CBA, B,

or x.
The vertex is the
middle point.
6
An angle can be measured in degrees.
There are 360º (degrees) in a full
revolution or full circle.
360º
7
Classifying Angles
Name Angle Measure Examples
Acute
Between 0° and 90°
Angle
Right
Exactly 90°
Angle
Obtuse
Between 90° and 180°
Angle
Straight
Exactly 180º
Angle 8
Two angles that have a sum of 90° are
called complementary angles.
Two angles that have a sum of 180° are

called supplementary angles.
9
Two lines in a plane can be either parallel or
intersecting. Parallel lines never meet.
Intersecting lines meet at a point. The symbol
 is used to denote “is parallel to.”
p
q
Parallel lines Intersecting

p  q lines
10
Two lines are perpendicular if they form right
angles when they intersect. The symbol  is
used to denote “is perpendicular to.”
Perpendicular lines
m
n nm
11
When two lines intersect, four angles are formed.
Two of these angles that are opposite each other
are called vertical angles. Vertical angles have the
same measure.
a
d b
c
a  c  d  b
12
Two angles that share a common side are
called adjacent angles. Adjacent angles formed
by intersecting lines are supplementary. That
is, they have a sum of 180 °.
a
d b
c
a and b b and c
c and d d and a
13
A line that intersects two or more lines at
different points is called a transversal.
Martin-Gay, Prealgebra, 5ed 14

Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, then the measures of
corresponding angles are equal and
alternate interior angles are equal.

Corresponding angles are equal.
a b
c d
e f
g h
a   e b  f
c  g d  h
16
Alternate interior angles are angles on
opposite sides of the transversal between
the two parallel lines.
a b
c d
e f
g h
c  f d  e
17
Section 9.2
Perimeter
Two measures of plane figures are
important:
• the distance around a plane figure

called the perimeter or circumference
and
• the number of square units in the
interior of a plane figure called the area.

Perimeter of a Rectangle
length
widt widt
h h
length
l l w w
Perimeter  2 • length  2 • width
P  2l  2w
20
Helpful Hint
Perimeter is always measured in units.
21
Perimeter of a Square
side
side side
side
s s s s
Perimeter  4 • side
P  4s
22
Perimeter of a Triangle
a c
b
a b c
P  side a  side b  side c

Pabc
The perimeter of every polygon may be
found by adding all the sides. 23
The circumference is the distance around
a circle.
Circumference 
diameter always
results in the same
ratio. This number is
named “pi” and is
diameter approximately ()
equal to
22
or 3.14
7 24
Circumference of a Circle
Circumference  2· ·radius 
or
Circumference  ·diameter
C  2  r or C  d 
25
Perimeter/
Plane Figure Drawing Circumference
Triangle Pabc
Parallelogram Pabcd
Rectangle P  2l  2w
Square P  4s
Trapezoid Pabcd
Circle C   d or 2 r
26
Section 9.3
Area, Volume, and Surface

Area
Area of a Rectangle
Area is measured in square units. A
square unit is a square one unit on each
side.
For example, start with a rectangle with
length (l) 3 units and width (w) 2 units.
2
A  l •w
3 A  3 • 2 units2
A  6 units2 28
Area
Formulas Parallelogram Triangle
Rectangle 2 2
3 3
The diagonal of
2
a parallelogram
3 forms 2
3•2  6 2 congruent
triangles.
A  lw 1
3 (3 • 2)  3
3•2  6 2
1
A  bh A  2 bh
29
More Area
Formulas Trapezoid
B
Square
h
side b
B + b
side
area  side • side
A  s • s  s2 1
(B  b)
2
1
A  (B  b ) h
2
30
Helpful Hint
Area is always measured in square units.

When finding the area of figures, check to
make sure that all measurements are the
same units before calculations are made.
31
r
Given a circle of radius, r, the

circumference is C  2 r.
32
Area of a Circle
33
64 equal sectors 128 equal sectors
r r
r r
r r
Area of a Circle
n
2 equal sectors Notice the rectangular shape.
r
A  lw
r
A  (r)r
r
A  r 2
34
Perimeter/
Plane Figure Drawing Circumference Area
1
Triangle Pabc A bh
2
Parallelogram Pabcd A  bh
Rectangle P  2l  2w A  lw
Square P  4s A  s2
1
Trapezoid Pabcd A (B  b )h
2
Circle C   d or 2 r A  r 2
35
Volume
Volume measures the number of cubic
units that fill the space of a solid. The
volume of a box or can is the amount of
space inside.
Volume can be used to describe the

amount of juice in a pitcher or the amount
of concrete needed to pour a foundation for
a house.
36
Surface Area
A polyhedron is a solid formed by the

intersection of a finite number of planes.
The surface area of a polyhedron is the

sum of the areas of the faces of the
polyhedron.
Surface area is measured in square units.
37
The volume of a solid is the number of
cubic units in the solid.
1 centimeter 1 inch
1 centimeter 1 inch
1 centimeter 1 inch
1 cubic centimeter 1 cubic inch
38
Rectangular Solid
height
width
length
Volume  length  width  height

V = lwh
SA = 2lh + 2wh + 2lw
39
Cube
side
side
side
Volume = side  side  side
V = s3
SA = 6s3
40
Sphere
radius
4
Volume     (radius)3
3
4 3
V  r
3
SA  4 r 2
41
Circular Cylinder
height
radius
Volume    (radius)2  (height)
V  r2h
SA  2 r h + 2r2
42
Cone
height
radius
Volume  1 2
   (radius)  (height)
3
1 2
V  r h
3
2 2 2
SA   r r  h   r
43
Square-Based Pyramid
height
side
Volume  1  (side )2  height
3
1 2
V= sh
3
B = area of base,
1
SA  B  pl p = perimeter,
2 l = slant height 44
Helpful Hint
Volume is always measured in cubic units.
Surface area is always measured in square

units.
45
Section 9.4
Linear Measurement
The U.S. system of measurement uses the
inch, foot, yard, and mile to measure length.
U.S. Units of Length Unit Fractions
12 inches (in.)  1 foot (ft) 12 in. 1 ft

 1
1 ft 12 in.
3 ft 1 yd
3 feet  1 yard (yd)  1
1 yd 3 ft
5280 ft 1mi
5280 feet  1 mile (mi)  1
1mi 5280 ft
47
To convert from one unit of length to
another, unit fractions may be used. A unit
fraction is a fraction that equals 1.
To convert 60 inches to feet, multiply by a unit

fraction that relates feet to inches. The unit fraction
should be written so that the units we are converting
to, feet, are in the numerator and the original units,
inches, are in the denominator.
Unit fraction
units converting to
60 in. 1 ft 60  1 ft 60 ft
60 in.      5 ft
1 12 in. 1  12 12
original units
48
The basic unit of length in the metric
system is the meter. A meter is slightly
longer than a yard. It is approximately 39.37
inches long. Like the decimal system, the
metric system uses powers of ten to define
units.
49
Metric System of Measurement
Prefix Meaning Metric Unit of Length
kilo 1000 1 kilometer (km)  1000 meters (m)
hecto 1 hectometer (hm)  100 m
100
deka 110dekameter (dam)  10 m
1 meter (m)  1 m
deci 1/10 1 decimeter (dm)  1/10 or 0.1 m
centi 1/100 1 centimeter (cm)  1/100 or 0.01 m
milli 1/1000 1 millimeter (mm)  1/1000 or 0.001 m
50
The most commonly used measurements of
length in the metric system are the meter,
millimeter, centimeter, and kilometer.
51
As with the U.S. system of measurement,
unit fractions may be used to convert from
one unit of length to another. The major
advantage of the metric system is the ease
of converting from one unit of length to
another. Since all units of length are powers
of 10 of the meter, converting from one unit
of length to another is as simple as moving
the decimal point.
52
Listing units of length in order from largest
to smallest helps keep track of how many
places to move the decimal point when
converting.
Start End
km hm dam m dm cm mm
2 units to the right
Using the listing of units of length, convert

3.5 m to centimeters.
3.50 m = 350. cm or 350 cm
2 places to the right
53
Section 9.5
Weight and Mass

Whenever we talk about how heavy an
object is, we are concerned with the
object’s weight. We discuss weight when
we refer to a 12-ounce box of cereal, an
overweight 19-pound tabby cat, or a
barge hauling 24 tons of garbage.
55
The U.S. system of measurement uses the
ounce, pound, and ton to measure weight.
U.S. Units of Weight Unit Fractions
16 ounces (oz)  1 pound (lb) 16 oz 1lb

 1
1lb 16 oz
2000 lb 1 ton
2000 pounds  1 ton  1
1 ton 2000 lb
56
Mass
In scientific and technical areas, a careful
distinction is made between weight and mass.
Weight is really a measure of the pull of
gravity. The farther from Earth an object gets,
the less it weighs. Mass is a measure of the
amount of substance in the object and does
not change. Astronauts orbiting Earth weigh
much less than they weigh on Earth, but they
have the same mass in orbit as they do on
Earth.
57
The basic unit of mass in the metric system is the
gram. It is defined as the mass of water contained
in a cube 1 centimeter (cm) on each side.
1 cm
1 cm
1 cm
A tablet contains 200 milligrams of ibuprofen.

A large paper clip weighs approximately 1 gram.
A box of crackers weighs 453 grams.
A kilogram is slightly over 2 pounds.
An adult woman may weigh 60 kilograms.
58
The prefixes for units of mass in the metric
system are the same as for units of length.

kilo 1000 1 kilogram (kg)  1000 grams (g)
hecto 1 hectogram (hg)  100 g
100
deka 110
dekagram (dag)  10 g
1 gram (g)  1 g
deci 1/10 1 decigram (dg)  1/10 or 0.1 g
centi 1/100 1 centigram (cg)  1/100 or 0.01 g
milli 1/1000 1 milligram (mg)  1/1000 or 0.001 g
59
The three most commonly used units of
mass in the metric system are the
milligram, the gram, and the kilogram.
As with length, all units of mass are powers of 10

of the gram, so converting from one unit of mass
to another only involves moving the decimal point.
End Start
kg hg dag g dg cg mg
2 units to the left

Using the listing of units of mass, convert 4.75 cg to
grams.
04.75 cg = 0.0475 g
2 places to the left
60
Section 9.6
Capacity
Units of capacity are generally used to
measure liquids. The number of gallons of
gasoline needed to fill a gas tank in a car,
the number of cups of water needed in a
bread recipe, and the number of quarts of
milk sold each day at a supermarket are all
examples of using units of capacity.
62
U.S. Units of Capacity Unit Fractions
8 fl oz 1c
8 fluid ounces (fl oz)  1 cup (c)  1
1c 8 fl oz
2c 1 pt
2 cups  1 pint (pt)  1
1 pt 2 c
2 pt 1 qt
2 pints  1 quart (qt)  1
1 qt 2 pt
4 qt 1 gal
4 quarts  1 gallon (g)  1
1 gal 4 qt
63
Capacity: Metric System of
Measurement
The liter is the basic unit of capacity in the

metric system. A liter is the capacity or
volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters
on each side.
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm 64
The prefixes for metric units of capacity are
the same as for metric units of length and
mass.

kilo 1000 1 kiloliter (kl)  1000 liters (L)
hecto 100 1 hectoliter (hl)  100 L
deka 1 dekaliter (dal)  10 L
10
1 liter (L)  1 L
deci 1/10 1 deciliter (dl)  1/10 or 0.1 L
centi 1/100 1 centiliter (cl)  1/100 or 0.01 L
milli 1/1000 1 milliliter (ml)  1/1000 or 0.001 L
65
The two most commonly used units of
capacity in the metric system are the
milliliter and the liter.
As with length and mass, all units of capacity are

powers of 10 of the liter, so converting from one unit
of capacity to another only involves moving the
decimal point. End Start
kl hl dal L dl cl ml
3 units to the left
Using the listing of units of capacity, convert 5350

ml to liters.
5350 ml = 5.350 L
3 places to the left
66
Section 9.7
Temperature and Conversions

Between the U.S. and Metric
Systems
Length
Metric U.S. System

1m  1.09 yd
1m  3.28 ft
1km  0.62 mi
2.54 cm  1in.
0.30 m  1 ft
1.61km  1mi
68
Capacity
Metric U.S. System

1L  1.06 qt
1L  0.26 gal
3.79 L  1gal
0.95 L  1qt
29.57 ml  1 fl oz
69
Weight (Mass)
Metric U.S. System

1kg  2.20 lb
1g  0.04 oz
0.45 kg  1lb
28.35 g  1oz
70
Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit
9
F = C + 32 or F = 1.8C + 32
5
(To convert to Fahrenheit temperature,

9
multiply the Celsius temperature by 5
or 1.8, and then add 32.)
71
Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius
5
C = (F - 32)
9
(To convert to Celsius temperature,

subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit
5
temperature, and then multiply by .)
9

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Chapter9 PPT

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Chapter Nine

Geometry and Measurement

Lines and Angles

Space extends in all directions

The most basic concept of geometry is the

The angle can be named ABC, CBA, B,

Two angles that have a sum of 180° are

Parallel lines Intersecting

Martin-Gay, Prealgebra, 5ed 14

If two parallel lines are cut by a

Martin-Gay, Prealgebra, 5ed 15

• the distance around a plane figure

Martin-Gay, Prealgebra, 5ed 19

Perimeter  2 • length  2 • width

Perimeter is always measured in units.

P  side a  side b  side c

Circumference  2· ·radius 

Area, Volume, and Surface

Area is always measured in square units.

Given a circle of radius, r, the

Volume can be used to describe the

A polyhedron is a solid formed by the

The surface area of a polyhedron is the

Surface area is measured in square units.

1 cubic centimeter 1 cubic inch

Volume  length  width  height

Volume    (radius)2  (height)

Volume is always measured in cubic units.

Surface area is always measured in square

U.S. Units of Length Unit Fractions

12 inches (in.)  1 foot (ft) 12 in. 1 ft

To convert 60 inches to feet, multiply by a unit

2 units to the right

Using the listing of units of length, convert

Weight and Mass

U.S. Units of Weight Unit Fractions

16 ounces (oz)  1 pound (lb) 16 oz 1lb

A tablet contains 200 milligrams of ibuprofen.

Metric System of Measurement

As with length, all units of mass are powers of 10

2 units to the left

The liter is the basic unit of capacity in the

Metric System of Measurement

As with length and mass, all units of capacity are

Using the listing of units of capacity, convert 5350

Temperature and Conversions

Metric U.S. System

Metric U.S. System

Metric U.S. System

(To convert to Fahrenheit temperature,

(To convert to Celsius temperature,

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