Chemistry - Speed of Reaction Notes

CHAPTER 18
Speed of Reaction
1
Chapter 18 Speed of Reaction
18.1 Different Speeds of Reactions
18.2 Measuring the Speed of Reaction in the

Laboratory
18.3 Factors Affecting the Speed of Reaction
18.4 Effect of Catalysts and Enzymes on the

Speed of Reaction
2
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• explain that reactions can occur at different

speeds.
3
18.1 Different Speeds of Reactions Notes
Page 2
Different Chemical Reactions Take Place

at Different Speeds
Very fast
•Explosion of petrol−air mixture
•Precipitation of silver chloride from aqueous
sodium chloride and silver nitrate
Moderately fast
•Reaction of calcium with water
Slow
•Rusting of iron in air
•Fermentation 4
Page 2
How Do We Measure the Speed of a Reaction?
We can find the speed of reaction by:

•measuring the amount of product formed in a certain
time;
•measuring the amount of reactant(s) used up in a
certain time.
5
Page 2
How Do We Measure the Speed of a Reaction?

• Amount of product formed per unit time
Speed of reaction = amount of product formed

time taken
• Amount of reactant used up per unit time
Speed of reaction = amount of reactant used up

time taken
6
Notes
Page 2
7
18.2 Measuring the Speed of Reaction in

the Laboratory

Speed of Reaction
8
Notes
the Laboratory Page 3
Learning Outcome
• describe the different methods that can be used to

investigate the speed of reaction.
9
Notes
10
Notes
Measuring the Volume of Gas Produced

Reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid:
gas syringe
conical flask
dilute
hydrochloric
acid retort stand
magnesium ribbon
stopwatch
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Volume of gas produced is measured at

regular time intervals. 11
the Laboratory
Graph of volume of hydrogen against time:
Volume of hydrogen/cm3
3.5 minutes: Reaction stops
Total volume of H2 produced = 35 cm3
35
30
1−2 minutes:
25 Volume of H2 produced = 30 – 20
20 = 10 cm3
15
0−1 minutes:
10 Volume of H2 produced = 20 cm3
5
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 Time/min
the Laboratory
the Laboratory
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 Time/min
the Laboratory
Calculating the Speed of Reaction

35
P y = 37 − 25 = 12 cm3
30
25
20 • Draw a tangent at P.
x = 3.5 − 1
• Find the gradient at P using
15 = 2.5 min
the values of x and y.
10
5
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 Time/min
the Laboratory
Calculating the Speed of Reaction
Speed of reaction at point P
= gradient of tangent at P
y
= x
12 cm3
=
2.5 min
= 4.8 cm3/min
16
Notes
Measuring the Change in Mass

Reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid:
thread
small test tube conical flask

marble chip dilute hydrochloric acid
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 17

Notes
Measuring the Change in Mass

Graph of mass of flask and contents against time:
Mass of reaction
mixture/g • Gradient is steepest
60
• Reaction is fastest
59
58
57
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time/min 18
Interpreting Rate of Reaction Curve Notes
Page 5
20
Page 5
volume of gaseous product collected

vs time graph:
21
Page 5
mass of reactant mixture vs time graph:
22
Page 5
23
Interpreting Rate of Reaction Curve
24

Laboratory

Speed of Reaction
25
Learning Outcomes

• describe how the speed of reaction can be
affected by concentration, pressure, particle size
and temperature;
• explain the effects of these factors in terms of

collisions between particles;
26
Learning Outcomes

• suggest a suitable method to investigate the
effect of a particular variable on the speed of
reaction;
• interpret experimental data from investigations on

the speed of reaction.
27
Notes
• atoms
Page 2
• molecules
The Collision Theory • ions
Activation energy, Ea, is the minimum amount of

energy that reactant particles must possess in
order for a chemical reaction to occur.
Notes
Page 2
The Collision Theory
Notes
Page 6
What are the Factors that Affect the

Speed of a Chemical Reaction?
1. Concentration
2. Pressure
3. Particle size
4. Temperature
5. Presence of a catalyst
Notes
Page 6
To increase the frequency of effective collisions,

hence increasing the speed of reaction, we can:
• Increase the concentration of reacting

particles (for aqueous solutions)
• Increase the pressure of reacting particles
(for gases)
• Decrease the particle size of the reactants
(for solids)
• Increase the temperature
• Introduce a catalyst
Notes
Page 6
Effect of Concentration (Solutions)
increase in
concentration
Lower concentration – Higher concentration –

reactant particles are more reactant particles in
spread far apart the same volume
32

Collisions
More More particles between
concentrated occupying a particles more
solution given volume frequent
Effective
Higher speed of
collisions more
reaction
frequent
URL
When the concentration of a reactant is increased,

the speed of the reaction increases. 33
Notes
Page 6
34
Investigating the Effect of Concentration

on Speed of Reaction
5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3
hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid
5 cm 5 cm
magnesium magnesium
ribbon ribbon
Beaker A Beaker B
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Which reaction will take a shorter time?

35

1. Measure the volume of H2 formed at regular intervals.
2. Repeat using HCl of a different concentration.
gas syringe
conical flask
dilute
hydrochloric
acid retort stand
magnesium ribbon
stopwatch
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 36


Experimental conditions to investigate the effect of
concentration on speed of reaction:
Experiment I II
Volume of HCl/cm3
50.0 50.0
Concentration of HCl
/(mol/dm3) 1.0 2.0
Mass of Mg/g
0.1 0.1
37

Which graph shows that a higher concentration of acid
was used? Why?
Volume of hydrogen/cm3 shorter
steeper gradient time taken The steeper the gradient, the
100 higher the speed of reaction.
80 II
I The higher the concentration:
60
•the higher the speed of reaction;
40
•the shorter the time taken.
20
Time/s 38
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Why do both graphs show the reaction slowing down
over time?
As reactants are used up, the
100 •concentration of HCl
decreases;
80 II
I •amount of Mg decreases.
60
40 Hence, the reaction slows

20 down.
Time/s 39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Why do both graphs show the same volume of hydrogen
gas collected?
The same amount of
magnesium is used for both
100 investigations. Magnesium
80 II is the limiting reactant.
I
60 Hence, having a more
40 concentrated acid does not
produce more hydrogen gas.
20
Time/s 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Notes
Page 6
Effect of Pressure (Gases)
Changing the pressure of a gas is similar to changing
its concentration.
increase in
pressure
Lower pressure – Higher pressure –

gaseous particles are gaseous particles are
spread far apart closer together
41

Collisions
Gas at high Reacting gas between
pressure particles are particles more
closer together frequent
Effective
Higher speed of
collisions more
reaction
frequent
When the pressure of a gaseous reactant is

increased, the speed of the reaction increases. 42
Notes
Page 6
43
Notes
Page 7
Effect of Particle Size
1 cm
2 cm
1 cm
1 cm
1 cm 2.5 g 2.5 g
2 cm 10 g
2.5 g 2.5 g
Total surface area break into Total surface area

smaller
= 4(2 × 1) + 2(2 × 2) = 4 × [6(1 × 1)]
particles
=8+8 =4×6
= 16 cm2 = 24 cm2 44
Notes
Page 7
decrease in
particle size
(increases
surface area
for reaction)
45
Smaller Greater surface Collisions

particle area for reacting between
size particles to particles more
collide into frequent
Higher speed of Effective collisions

reaction more frequent
URL
When the surface area of a solid reactant is

increased (i.e. the particle size is decreased), the
speed of reaction increases. 46
Notes
Page 7
Investigating the Effect of Particle Size on

Speed of Reaction
1. Measure the volume of CO2 formed at regular intervals.
2. Repeat with marble chips crushed into smaller pieces.
conical flask gas syringe

hydrochloric acid
carbon dioxide
gas retort stand
marble chip
stopwatch
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 48

Investigating the Effect of Particle Size on

Speed of Reaction
Volume of carbon
dioxide/cm3 1. Why do both
experiments produce
100
the same amount of
II carbon dioxide?
80
I 1. Which graph shows

60
the reaction with
40 smaller chips?
20
Time/s
0 49
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Notes
Page 7
Effect of Temperature
increase in
temperature
• At low temperatures, the reactant particles move slowly

because they have little energy.
• When temperature increases, particles gain energy and
move faster.
50
Collisions
Particles at Particles gain between
higher kinetic energy particles more
temperature and move faster. frequent
Effective
Higher speed of
collisions more
reaction
frequent
URL
When the temperature of a reactant is increased, the

speed of the reaction increases. 51
Notes
Page 7
Investigating the Effect of Temperature

sodium thiosulfate
conical flask and hydrochloric
acid
paper with
a cross
stopwatch
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
53
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on

Speed of Reaction
sodium
1. Dilute hydrochloric acid thiosulfate and
is quickly poured into conical flask hydrochloric acid
the sodium thiosulfate
solution.
paper with
2. The stopwatch is a cross
started immediately. stopwatch
3. The mixture is swirled once.
4. The stopwatch is stopped when the cross disappears.
5. The time taken is recorded.
6. The experiment is repeated with sodium thiosulfate
54
heated to increasingly higher temperatures.
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on

Speed of Reaction
Temperature/°C
The higher the temperature,
60
the shorter the time taken
55 for the cross to disappear.
50
45
The higher the temperature,
40 the higher the speed of
35 reaction.
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time/s 55
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Speed of Reaction
1 To see how the speed of

/s–1 reaction varies with temperature
Time
more clearly, we can plot values
0.08
0.07 of against temperature
0.06
0.05 (same as plotting the speed of
reaction against temperature).
0.04
0.03 The speed of reaction increases
0.02 rapidly as the temperature
0.01 increases.
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Temperature/ 56
°C

Laboratory
18.4 Effect of Catalysts and Enzymes on

the Speed of Reaction
57
Learning Outcomes

• define catalysts and describe the effect of
catalysts(including enzymes) on speed of reaction;
• explain the effect of catalysts on the speed of

reaction in terms of collisions between particles;
• relate the increase in speed of reaction to

pathways with lower activation energies;
58
Learning Outcomes

• state that some compounds act as catalysts in
various industrial processes;
• state that some enzymes are biological catalysts.
59
Notes
Page 10
What is a Catalyst?
• We can increase the speed of reaction by adding

substances called catalysts.
• A catalyst
– increases the speed of a chemical reaction;
– remains chemically unchanged at the end of
the reaction.
60
Notes
Page 10
Characteristics of a Catalyst
61
Notes
Page 10
62
Notes
Page 10
• Impurities can prevent it from working.

– We say that the catalyst is poisoned or
inactivated by the impurities.
63
Notes
Page 10
Catalysts and Activation Energies
Catalysts increase the speed of reaction by providing an
alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed. The
catalysed reaction has a lower activation energy than the
reaction without the catalyst.
Energy
Ea
reactants E’a
ΔH = negative
products
64
Progress of reaction
Notes
Page 10
Catalysts and Activation Energies
Energy
uncatalysed reaction
Ea
catalysed reaction
reactants E’a
ΔH = negative
products
Progress of reaction
65
Notes
Page 11
Example of a Catalyst
Manganese(IV) oxide
•Catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
66
Notes
Page 11
Investigating the Effect of a Catalyst on
Speed of Reaction
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
1. Prepare two test tubes

containing 10 cm3 of
hydrogen peroxide solution.
Label the test tubes A and B.
2. Add half a spatula of

manganese(IV) oxide to test
Test tube A Test tube B
tube B.
3. Place a glowing splint at the mouth of each test tube

and record the observations. 67
Notes
Page 11
Investigating the Effect of a Catalyst on
Speed of Reaction
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Observations:
The glowing splint at the
mouth of the test tube with
the manganese(IV) oxide
(test tube B) rekindles and
burns more brightly.
Test tube A Test tube B
This shows that the speed of the reaction increases in the

presence of the catalyst.
68
Notes
Page 11
Uses of Catalysts in the Industry
URL
69
Notes
Page 12
Enzymes — Biological Catalysts
70
Notes
Page 12
Enzymes — Biological Catalysts
71
Notes
Page 12
Characteristics of Enzymes
72
Notes
Page 12
Uses of Enzymes in the Industry
• Manufacture of wine and other alcoholic drinks
– Enzymes produced by yeast catalyse the
conversion of sugar or starch into ethanol:
yeast
sugar or starch → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• Biological washing powders

– Modern detergents contain enzymes which are
very effective in removing stains caused by
protein-based substances such as food and blood.
73
Concept Map
74
Concept Map
75
Concept Map
76
The URLs are valid as at 15 November 2014.
Acknowledgements
(slide 1) wood burning © Nancy Louie | iStockphoto.com
77

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CHAPTER 18

18.1 Different Speeds of Reactions

18.2 Measuring the Speed of Reaction in the

18.3 Factors Affecting the Speed of Reaction

18.4 Effect of Catalysts and Enzymes on the

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• explain that reactions can occur at different

Different Chemical Reactions Take Place

How Do We Measure the Speed of a Reaction?

We can find the speed of reaction by:

How Do We Measure the Speed of a Reaction?

Speed of reaction = amount of product formed

• Amount of reactant used up per unit time

Speed of reaction = amount of reactant used up

18.1 Different Speeds of Reactions

18.2 Measuring the Speed of Reaction in

18.3 Factors Affecting the Speed of Reaction

18.4 Effect of Catalysts and Enzymes on the

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• describe the different methods that can be used to

Measuring the Volume of Gas Produced

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Volume of gas produced is measured at

Calculating the Speed of Reaction

Calculating the Speed of Reaction

Speed of reaction at point P

Measuring the Change in Mass

small test tube conical flask

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 17

Measuring the Change in Mass

volume of gaseous product collected

mass of reactant mixture vs time graph:

18.1 Different Speeds of Reactions

18.2 Measuring the Speed of Reaction in the

18.3 Factors Affecting the Speed of Reaction

18.4 Effect of Catalysts and Enzymes on the

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• explain the effects of these factors in terms of

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• interpret experimental data from investigations on

Activation energy, Ea, is the minimum amount of

What are the Factors that Affect the

To increase the frequency of effective collisions,

• Increase the concentration of reacting

Lower concentration – Higher concentration –

Effect of Concentration (Solutions)

When the concentration of a reactant is increased,

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Which reaction will take a shorter time?

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 36

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

40 Hence, the reaction slows

Investigating the Effect of Concentration

Lower pressure – Higher pressure –

Effect of Pressure (Gases)

When the pressure of a gaseous reactant is

Total surface area break into Total surface area

Effect of Particle Size