DISASTER

READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
ANA FIA S. JAPITANA
 Chapter 4:

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to:
• explain the different potential earthquake
hazards
• point with ease the natural signs of an
impending tsunami
• discuss the effects of different earthquake
hazards
• apply precautionary and safety measures,
before, during, and after an earthquake
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.
 EARTHQUAKE
• also known as QUAKE, TREMOR, TEMBLOR
- is perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth,
resulting from the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.

- feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground

produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or
rock materials below the Earth’s surface.

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 Types of EARTHQUAKE
Tectonic earthquakes
- are those generated by the sudden displacement
along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth

Fault – fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where

movement or displacement has occurred or may occur

Volcanic earthquakes
- earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma
beneath active volcanoes
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.
 POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 GROUND SHAKING OR
GROUND MOTION

- Disruptive up-down and

sideways movement or
motion experienced
during an earthquake

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 Strength Ground Shaking:

- velocity of ground motion

- the acceleration of the ground
motion
- frequency content of shaking
- duration

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

GROUND SHAKING OR GROUND MOTION
 Factors

- Topography
- Bedrock type
- Location and orientation of the
fault rupture

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

GROUND SHAKING OR GROUND MOTION
 GROUND/SURFACE RUPTURES
- Displacement on the ground due to movement of
fault

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 GROUND/SURFACE RUPTURES
Surface ruptures is an offset of the ground surface
when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 GROUND/SURFACE RUPTURES
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being
torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 GROUND/SURFACE RUPTURES
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being
torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 LIQUEFACTION

- Is a process that
transforms the
behavior of a body
of sediments from
that of a solid to
that of a liquid
when subjected to
extremely intense
shaking

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 LIQUEFACTION
- Is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of
a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDES
- Failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
LANDSLIDES

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 TSUNAMI
(A tsunami is a Japanese word meaning “harbor waves”)

- sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean

floor by an earthquake

- is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated

by the under-the-sea earthquakes and whose
heights could be greater than five (5) meters.

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
JAPITANA, Ana Fia S. HAZARDS
 STORM SURGE
(wind-generated waves on the surface of the sea)

- increase in wave heights associated or during

typhoons (when there are strong winds) or tropical
cyclones

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 Two kinds of Tsunami:
Local Tsunami
- are confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers of the
source usually earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic
flow
- it can reach the shoreline within 2 – 5 minutes

Far Field or Distant Tsunami

- can travel from travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the
coast of the nearby countries

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 NATURAL SIGNS OF
TSUNAMI

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

 NATURAL SIGNS OF TSUNAMI
• A strong felt earthquake

• Unusual sea level change:

sudden sea water retreat or rise
(exposed sea beds – coral flats, fishes, sea grasses)

• Unusual rumbling sound of approaching waves

(sound like that of a train)

• Animal behavior

JAPITANA, Ana Fia S.

4
Directions:

• Share your assignment about stories of earthquake events

with your group members
• Write the specific impacts or effects that you gathered based
on the description from stories. (Write as many as you can
(minimum of 10, at least)
• Classify these impacts according to five (5) hazards
(e.g. building collapse due to ground shaking and sinking
after earthquake due to liquefaction)
• Using manila paper, post your answer under appropriate
columns
• Explain your work in the class