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22 Introduction to RNP
Introduction to RNP 23
TAS increased
△ISA+30 140
Linzhi ZUNZ 9678 171 22.1%
Kts
25 Introduction to RNP
Introduction to RNP 26
High temperature
For the aircraft, 25℃ in Lasha is equivalent to 48℃
in Beijing.
拉萨
北京
Introduction to RNP 28
High temperature
HOT
HEAVY
HIGH
31 Introduction to RNP
Unpredictable Weather
Unique feature for high elevation airport in valley
Conditions for sandstorm
sand exposed in open air
dry air
strong wind
Characteristics and Threat of sandstorm:
Hard to identify at high altitude
visibility reduced significantly when close to
ground
engine wear aggravated
32 Introduction to RNP
33 Introduction to RNP
34 Introduction to RNP
35 Introduction to RNP
36 Introduction to RNP
37 Introduction to RNP
38 Introduction to RNP
39 Introduction to RNP
40 Introduction to RNP
41 Introduction to RNP
42 Introduction to RNP
43 Introduction to RNP
Unpredictable Weather
45 Introduction to RNP
46 Introduction to RNP
48 Introduction to RNP
49 Introduction to RNP
50 Introduction to RNP
51 Introduction to RNP
Operational Difficulties of Extreme High
Elevation Airport
Complex Terrains
High Elevation
High Temperature
Unpredictable weather
Communication and Navigation Constraints
Communications & Navigation Constraints
High elevation routes mostly in the sparsely
populated and remote areas lack of ground
communications and navaids
In the terminal areas, ground navaid coverage is
restricted by the terrains around the airport
Some runways are not even capable of SID and
STAR procedure, and only visual approach can be
applied
53 Introduction to RNP
54 Introduction to RNP
55 Introduction to RNP
56 Introduction to RNP
57 Introduction to RNP
Complicated Procedure
Linzhi Airport was equipped with 3 localizers, 1 glide
slope, 2 VORs and 3 DMEs
58 Introduction to RNP
Complicated Procedure
59 Introduction to RNP
62 Introduction to RNP
63 Introduction to RNP
64 Introduction to RNP
65 Introduction to RNP
Operational Difficulties of Extreme High
Elevation Airport
Risks affecting operational safety overlap and
interact with each other, such as human,
machine and conditions
Only meeting the minimum requirement of
regulations cannot provide enough safety
margin.
Stricter safety standards are in conflict with
operational efficiency.
Operational Difficulties of Extreme High
Elevation Airport
Since March 1, 1965, the first flight of IL-18 to Lhasa
succeeded
47 years of safe operations so far
Introduction to Air China high elevation
operations
IL18
B707
B757
A340
B736
A319
A330
Control of operational risks
Trainings
Theory:characteristics, risks
Simulators:EOSID、visual procedure, special enroute
scenarios
Acquiring routes operating experiences and line checks
Dispatch
Two captains
Apply more stringent weather standards for operation
Special airworthiness requirements
RNP application
Required
Navigation
Performance
70 Introduction to RNP
Application of RNP technology
Promote the operational safety
Increase the operational efficiency
Decrease flight delay, return and cancellation
Reduce the crew workload
Cut down fuel consumption
Lower CO2 emission
……
Design criteria of traditional instrument
procedure
Aircraft position is indicated through wireless
telecom signals sent by ground navaids; such signals
emitted with a certain angle (the further from navaids,
the greater the coverage of signals)
Due to inaccuracy and uncertainty of positioning,
„protection areas‟ in procedures are designed to
spread from a certain angle.
PANS-OPS DOC 8168
TERPS
72 Introduction to RNP
PANS-OPS DOC 8168
73 Introduction to RNP
Design criteria of traditional
instrument procedure
Broad obstacle
evaluation areas
(OEA), Steeper
descent gradient,
descent with various
gradient and
obstacles far from
airports result in
more constraining
weather standards.
74 Introduction to RNP
Free, Flexible and Optimized
trajectory
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76 Introduction to RNP
77 Introduction to RNP
78 Introduction to RNP
79 Introduction to RNP
Introduction to RNP 80
CCA RNP application
From 2005 till now,CCA has successfully
completed RNP test flight and operation in 8 high
elevation airports (7 of them are very high elevation
airports) with 3 aircraft types in 6 years.
Currently, all the high elevation airports in which
CCA operates have RNP operation capacity.
RNP
RNP production and development depend on onboard
equipment development
IRU、MMR-precise positioning
FCC、AFDS、A/P、PFD、ND-trajectory
control and display
FMC-flight plan management
RNP operation fully utilize onboard equipment
83 Introduction to RNP
84 Introduction to RNP
0.3 nm
ADIRS ADIRS
FMC FMC
MCDU MCDU
DME DME
VOR VOR
Dual FMC’s
RNP features
Not just procedure design and cannot be completed
by procedure designers alone.
Teamwork
procedure designers
pilots
performance engineers
ATC
……
RNP features
Procedure design and flight operation should consider
onboard equipment difference
Honeywell’s FMC has different performance against the
same navigation database on different aircraft types. For
example, A319 and B757 Linzhi RNP procedure.
3°
Design value
RNP vs ILS
Minimum weather criteria for ILS CAT I:
DH60m;RVR550m
Minimum weather criteria for ILS CAT II:
DH30m;RVR350m
Minimum weather criteria for RNP AR:
DH75m;VIS1430m
If full RNP approach is used in an airport with
frequent low visibility, delay might be caused.
Development of RNP operation
RNP operation is an inevitable trend in navigation
technology.
The experience of RNP implemented successfully in
complex high elevation airports will be further
promoted to busy plain airports.
4D operation is achievable combining RNP and
ADSB as well as other technologies.
Effectively combining RNP and ILS、GLS, taking full
advantages of onboard equipment performance to
significantly improve the operation efficiency.
Development of RNP operation
RNP operation to resolve complex airspace
environment
horizontal RVSM
avoiding obstacles, restricted airspace, aircraft
dealing with arrival and departure in complex
airspace and paralleled runways
Using current onboard equipment, it is the best to
combine RNP arrival with ILS approach to fully
benefit from the advantages of the two.(GLS needs
modification)
Advantages of combination of RNP
approach and ILS
RNP is the “advanced” RNAV,which uses RNP arrival to navigate the
aircraft to FAF and then joining ILS approach. To take advantage of ILS
approach and reduce the weather criteria for landing.
RNP arrival(mainly RF leg)can effectively avoid the restricted airspace
around airport terminals.
Effectively implemented in paralleled runways and complex airspace
Beijing、Shanghai、Guangzhou、Chengdu
Currently, most of the large civil transporter in China have this advantage.
ILS approach requires no aircraft modification.
GLS needs aircraft modification and support from ground equipment.
Used in airports where ILS approach cannot be implemented,
such as Linzhi, Kathmandu
Traditional
instrument
procedure
RNP+ILS