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Unit 2
Exposure and Vulnerability

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this unit, you should be able to do

the following:
● Enumerate elements exposed to hazards.
● Explain the meaning of vulnerability.
● Explain why certain sectors of society are more vulnerable to disasters than
others.
LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this unit, you should be able to do

the following:
● Analyze why certain structures are more vulnerable to specific hazards than
others.
● Determine the elements that are exposed to a particular hazard.
● Recognize vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to specific hazards.
● Differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities and give examples
from actual situations.
VALUES AND ATTITUDES

In this unit, you should be able to do the

following:
● Value collaboration with peers.
● Tackle challenges and create opportunities.
● Promote accountability in the community.
Lesson 2
Vulnerability of Certain Sectors of
Society to Disasters

Unit 2| Exposure and Vulnerability

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

6
STARTING OUT

Compare and Contrast

Scientific data suggest that super typhoons like Yolanda in 2013 are the new
normal. Compare and contrast the effect of super typhoons on the following
sectors of society:
● illegal settlements vs. gated communities (e.g., villages and subdivisions)
● the elderly vs. the workforce
● a family that is prepared for disaster vs. a family that is not
Factors Affecting Vulnerability
Socioeconomic
Disasters may affect food supply and
other essential commodities and
services. Socioeconomic status and
wealth explain why some sectors of
society are more vulnerable than
others.
Demographic
Settlement patterns and population
density caused by urbanization
increase individuals’ vulnerability to
disaster.
Factors Affecting Vulnerability

Socioeconomic Factors
● Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. This shift can be due
to different factors, and displacement also affects the level of vulnerability of people.

● Internally displaced persons (IDP) are persons or groups of individuals who are
forced to leave their homes to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, violations of
human rights, and natural and man-made disasters. IDPs are displaced from their
homes but remain in their country.
Factors Affecting Vulnerability

Demographic Factors

● Age of population – This refers to the number of young people and seniors in a community.

● Marginalized or Excluded Groups – The following are the most commonly identified during
emergencies:

○ pregnant women ○ tourists

○ racial and ethnic minorities ○ migrants
○ mentally and physically ○ prisoners
challenged individuals
DEMONSTRATION

A Snapshot of Communities' Vulnerability to Disaster

Table 1. Sample entries
A Snapshot of Vulnerabilities
Data Christchurch Tōhoku Tacloban

Hazards earthquake earthquake, typhoon, storm

tsunami, nuclear surge, floods
meltdown
DEMONSTRATION

A Snapshot of Communities’ Vulnerability to Disaster

Data Processing
● event with the highest recorded fatalities
● event with the highest recorded injuries
● event with the highest recorded loss or damage
● location with increased vulnerability to typhoons and earthquakes
● population with increased vulnerability to typhoons and earthquakes
● factors or elements that increase vulnerability and exposure to hazards
Stoplight

STOP CONTINUE START

REFERENCES
“About internally displaced persons.” United Nations.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/about-internally-displaced-persons

“Fundamental Roles of the Yokohama Disaster Risk Reduction Learning Center.” Yokohama Disaster Risk Learning Center.
Accessed November 13, 2022. https://bo-sai.city.yokohama.lg.jp/en/about.

“Volcano Monitoring (Alert Levels).” Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. August 8, 2018.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level.

Arya, Anand S., Anup Karanth, and Ankush Agarwal. 2012. Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community: A Primer for
Parliamentarians, ver. 1 (New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs National Disaster Management
Division). https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/images/public-awareness/Primer%20for%20Parliamentarians.pdf.

Behlert, Benedikt, Rouven Diekjobst, Carsten Felgentreff, Timeela Manandhar, Peter Mucke, Ludger Pries, Katrin Radtke,
and Daniel Weller. 2020. WorldRiskReport 2020 – Focus: Forced Displacement and Migration. (Berlin: Bündnis
Entwicklung Hilft). https://weltrisikobericht.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/WRR_2020_online_.pdf.

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