Lesson 2.

Substituted hydrocarbons
continued
2.2.5 Define esters and explain, using examples, how they are prepared

2.2.6 List some uses of esters

2.2.7 Define an amine and list some examples and uses of an amine

2.2.8 Define a thiol and list some examples and uses of thiols

2.2.9 Define a halocarbon and list, using examples, some uses of halocarbons

2.2.10 Define an aromatic compound and list, using examples, some uses of aromatic
compounds
 Common substituted atoms

• These are
some of the
common
groups that
replace the H

Do not memorize these

The three main substituted hydrocarbons that
contain Oxygen are;

• Alcohols
• Organic (carboxylic) acids,
• Esters
 2.2.5 Define esters and explain, using examples, how
they are prepared

• An ester is a substituted hydrocarbon with a

(−COO−)group
Esters are made by reacting an alcohol with organic acid

Organic acid + Alcohol ⟶ ester + water

 For example, butyric acid reacts with ethanol to
produce water and the ester ethyl butyrate, which is a
component in pineapple flavor
 2.2.6 List some uses of esters

• To make commercial soaps

• To make fibers for clothing
• As a flavoring agent such as fruit-flavored soft drinks
and desserts
• To make perfumes and odors that smells like fruits.
For example, octyl ethanoate smells like oranges, and
both isopentyl ethanoate and butyl ethanoate smell
like bananas.
• Classkick slide 1
2.2.7 Define an amine and list some examples and uses
of an amine

• An organic compound in which an amine group

(−NH2) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon

• For example, aniline is used to make dyes. Amines

are also essential for life
2.2.8 Define a thiol and list some examples and uses of
thiols

• An organic compound in which the group (−SH)

replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon

• Thiols have unpleasant odors, such as skunk spray

Use: Natural gas has no odor. To smell a gas leak, gas
companies add small amounts of a thiol to natural gas
to make people aware of leaks
• Classkick slide 2
 2.2.9 Define a halocarbon and list, using examples,
some uses of halocarbons

A substituted hydrocarbon with a halogen, such as

chlorine or bromine, in place of a hydrogen atom
Use: Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in dry
cleaning and as a starting material for making nonstick
coatings on cookware
 2.2.10 Define an aromatic compound and list, using
examples, some uses of aromatic compounds

Aromatic compound is a compound containing a

benzene structure are aromatic compounds