LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II

LECTURE 3: LAPLACE TRANSFORM 2:

CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS (1): –
INTRODUCTION, NOTIONS OF IMPEDANCE AND
ADMITTANCE
LECTURER: ANTONIUS SUHARTOMO, Ph.D
TOPIC AGENDAS

• Impedance and Admittance

• Two Terminal Device
• Admittance
• relationship
• Voltage division Formula
• Current Division Formula
• Voltage-to-Source Transformation
• Current-to-Voltage Transformation
• Transfer Function
• Equivalent Circuits For Capacitor and Inductor
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3 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE

• Peculiar to a resistor, a capacitor, and inductor are quantities called impedance and admittance.
• In the Laplace transform context, impedances and admittances are dependent generalizations of
resistance and conductance that do not exist in time domain.
• The standard differential relationship of an inductor,
(2.1)
to obtain
(2.2)
assuming
• Here the quantity multiplies a complex – frequency domain current to yield a complex frequency
domain voltage
• The unit of is the Ohm.
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4 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE

• The quantity depends on the frequency variable

• This is a fixed resistance and is called an impedance, denoted by of a linear time –
invariant two terminal device.
• If all impedance sources inside the device are set to zero and there is no internal stored
energy at
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5 TWO TERMINAL DEVICE

• Under this conditions,

(2.3)
and we obtained,
(2.3a)
Figure 2.1 Two – terminal device having
impedance or admittance
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6 ADMITTANCE

(2.4)
and, where defined
(2.4a)
• Impedance and admittance satisfy the inverse relationship,
(2.5)
• If a simpler resistor satisfies the Laplace transform equation is
• Then,
- the impedance of the resistor is
- and the admittance of the resistor is
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7 V – I RELATIONSHIP

• For capacitor with has usual relationship,

• Then the Laplace transform relationship is

(2.6)
• Thus the admittance of the capacitor is
(2.7)
and the impedance of the capacitance is
(2.7a)
• And last for the impedance and admittance of the inductor are
and (2.8)
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8 EXAMPLE 2.1:

• Compute the equivalent of two general admittance and in parallel as figure 2.2 below,

Figure 2.2 For example 2.1

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• Solution:
• Since , and
• KCL:

• So,
• Using the inverse relationship between impedance and admittance, it yields
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• Similarly,
- Impedance of 2 capacitors in parallel is

- Impedance of 2 inductors in parallel is

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11 EXAMPLE 2.2

• Compute the input impedance of the parallel RLC circuit sketched in the figure 2.3 below,

Figure 2.3 For example 2.2

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• Solution:
• Since parallel admittance add,

• By applying KCL,

• Since impedance is the inverse of admittance,

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13 VOLTAGE DIVISION FORMULA

• For the circuit in the figure 2.4 below,

any voltage , where j = 1,2, or 3, depends
on the input voltage via the formula,
(2.9)

Figure 2.4 Series impedance circuit for

illustrating voltage division

• To derive formula,
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• Equation 2.9 results by observing that each device,

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15 CURRENT DIVISION FORMULA

• For the circuit in the figure 2.5 below, any current through the jth device is given by
(2.10)

Figure 2.5 Parallel impedance circuit for illustrating current division

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16 VOLTAGE-TO-SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION
• The transformation is the voltage – to – current source transformation, illustrated in the
figure 2.6 below.
• The goal is to change the structure of a voltage source in series with impedance to a
current source in parallel with admittance while keeping both and fixed.

(a)
(b)
Figure 2.6 Voltage-to-current
transformations
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• The figure (a), in which voltage division implies that

• If
(2.11)
where
• This equation identifies the structure of figure 2.6(b), i.e., figure 2.6(b) is a circuit
equivalent of equation 2.11.
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18 CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION

• Reversing, these argument leads to the current – to – voltage transformation illustrated in

figure 2.7 below.

(a) (b)
Figure 2.7 Current-to-voltage transformation
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19 TRANSFER FUNCTION

• If a single – input, single – output circuit or system has all of its internal independent
sources set to zero and there is no internal stored energy at then the transfer function of
the circuit or system is

• A transfer function is often called a network function that distinguishes four special cases:
1) driving point impedance, where the input is a current source and the output is the voltage
across the current source
2) driving point admittance, where the input is a voltage source and the output is the current
source leaving the voltage source
3) transfer impedance, where the input is current source and the voltage is across a designated
pair of terminals
4) transfer admittance, where the input is a voltage source and the output is the current through
another branch in the circuit
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20 EXAMPLE 2.3:

• The circuit below has zero initial condition at Find

• Solution:
• A source transformation
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• Use current division

• Compute
• Hence,
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22 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
FOR CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR
• In simple circuit, the capacitor has the usual relationship,

(2.12)
• Taking the Laplace transform and allowing for a nonzero initial condition yields,

(2.13)
• It’s illustrated,
From 2.13:
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• It yields,
(2.13a)

From 2.13:
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• Inductor
• It determines a parallel equivalent
• The differential inductor v – i relationship, circuit,
(2.14)
• Transforming both sides yields, and
dividing by Ls is construct a parallel
equivalent circuit
(2.15)
Loop clockwise direction
(2.15a)
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25 EXAMPLE 2.4

• Consider the circuit of figure below, in which and Find

• Solution:
• The equivalent complex frequency domain circuit and combine series sources
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 Perform a source transformation and combine parallel capacitor

 Execute a second source transformation and combine series voltage sources to produce a
series circuit
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• Use voltage division to find and take the inverse transform to obtain

• Hence,
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28 EXAMPLE 2.5

• Consider a single node application of nodal analysis of RLC circuit, suppose and Find
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• Solution:
• Using the voltage source model for the inductor and the current source model for the
capacitor, draw the equivalent complex-frequency domain circuit. Using the voltage
source equivalent for initialized inductor and the current source equivalent for the
capacitor produces a figure follow,
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KCL at

30

• Then combine the voltage sources and

the series impedance into single terms, as
• Grouping term produces
shown in figure below,
𝑉𝐶
𝑍1 𝑍 2=¿ • Doing the required algebra leads to
𝑉1

• Write a single-node equation for Summing

the currents leaving the top mode of
yields
Grouping term produces
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• Execute a partial fraction expansion on and take the inverse transform to obtain Using
result of step 2.

• Inverting this transform yields the desired time response

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33 EXAMPLE 2.6

• Using superposition and linearity, in the RLC circuit of the figure below, suppose and
are given as literal. Let and be the Laplace transforms of and respectively. Find as
superposition of the responses constitutes due to and
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• Solution:
• Using the voltage source model for the inductor and the current source model for the
capacitor, draw the equivalent complex-frequency domain circuit. We see the voltage
source equivalent for initialized inductor and the current source equivalent for the
capacitor produces figure below.
• Combining voltage sources, combining current sources, and writing the series impedance
as a single expression yields the circuit of the figure below.

• Write a single-node equation for Summing the current leaving the top node of yields
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• Or equivalently

• Regroup terms. Regrouping terms produces

• Equivalently,