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MEASUREMENT
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3 What is a measurement?
 It is a collection of quantitative data.
 Measurements are not just numbers due
to some inherent error they contain.
 Quantitative observations
4 Characteristics of a measured value

 Magnitude
 Unit EXAMPLE;
 Uncertainty 10.53
meters
5 Differences between a number and a
measured value

Measured value
NUMBER • Obtained by
• Obtained by comparing w/ a
counting or standard unit.
definition • Not exact
• Numbers are exact
6 Differences between a number and a
measured value

Measured value
NUMBER • Science is based on
• Mathematics is measurement
based on numbers
 7 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Two common systems;

1. English System
2. SI/Metric System
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12 Exact and Inexact numbers
EXACT NUMBERS – number whose value
has no UNCERTAINTY associated with it.
• As definitions
• In counting
• In simple fractions
13 Exact and Inexact numbers
14 Exact and Inexact numbers
INEXACT NUMBERS – a value with a
degree of UNCERTAINTY.
- They are produced every time a
measurement is made.
15 PRECISION and ACCURACY
PRECISION - is a measure of how closely
individual measurements agree with one
another.
ACCURACY - refers to how closely
individual measurements agree with correct
or “TRUE” value.
16 PRECISION and ACCURACY
17 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

these are digits in a measurement that are

known with certainty plus one digit that is
estimated.
18 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
(GUIDELINES)

1. In any measurement, ALL NON-ZERO

digits are significant.
Example; 12.45 and 4.89
19 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
(GUIDELINES)

2. ZEROS may or may not be significant

based on its location from a NON-ZERO
digit and the DECIMAL POINT.
Leading ZEROS
Confined ZEROS
Trailing ZEROS
20 LEADING ZEROS
21 CONFINED ZEROS
22 TRAILING ZEROS
23 TRAILING ZEROS
24 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
(GUIDELINES)

3. Any value that is obtained from a

definition contains an INFINITE number
of significant figures and thus considered
EXEMPTED from the rule.
1L = 1000mL
25 ROUNDING-OFF NUMBERS

Rounding off is the process of deleting

unwanted (non significant) digits from
calculated numbers.
26 ROUNDING-OFF NUMBERS
Two rules;
1. If the first digit to be deleted is 4 or less,
simply drop it and all the following digits.
27 ROUNDING-OFF NUMBERS
Two rules;
EXAMPLE:
the number 3.724567 becomes 3.72
when rounded off to three significant
figures.
28 ROUNDING-OFF NUMBERS
Two rules;
2. If the first digit to be deleted is 5 or
greater, that digit and all that follow are
dropped, and the last retained digit is
increased by one.
29 ROUNDING-OFF NUMBERS
Two rules;
EXAMPLE:
the number 5.00673 becomes 5.01 when
rounded to three significant figures.
30 OPERATIONAL RULES FOR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

TWO Rules;
1. addition-subtraction rule
2. multiplication – division
rule
31 Multiplication-division rule
Least number of significant figures is the key.
32 Multiplication-division rule
Least number of significant figures is the key.
33 Addition-subtraction rule
Least number of decimal places is the key.
34 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
In chemistry, we use numbers that are very
large or very small.
35 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
EXAMPLE;
2400m = 2.4 x 103m
36 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
EXAMPLE;
0.00086 g = 8.6 x 10-4g
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39 CONVERSION FACTORS &
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS - The

mathematical tool we
use to accomplish this
task is a general method of
problem solving.
40 CONVERSION FACTORS &
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
41 CONVERSION FACTORS &
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

CONVERSION FACTOR - is a ratio that

specifies how one unit of measurement is
related to another unit of measurement.
42 CONVERSION FACTORS &
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Thus, 2.54cm = 1in (definition)

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44 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the length in centimeters of a
drinking straw that is 8.50in long?
45 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the length in centimeters of a
drinking straw that is 8.50in long?
46 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the length in centimeters of a
drinking straw that is 8.50in long?
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52 SAMPLE PROBLEM
If a woman has a mass of 115lb, what is
her mass in grams?
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54 SAMPLE PROBLEM
If a woman has a mass of 115lb, what is
her mass in grams?

ANSWER – 52,300g
 Convert the following:
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1.2.05 kg to _______g
2.500cm to _______ inches
3.1.7 L to __________mL
4.60000km to ______miles
5.10000s to ________hours?
56 TEMPERATURE
Temperature is an indicator of the
tendency of heat energy to be
transferred.
Three different temperature scales are
common in use: Celsius, Kelvin, and
Fahrenheit.
57 TEMPERATURE
58 SAMPLE PROBLEM
59 SAMPLE PROBLEM
60 SAMPLE PROBLEM
In the human body, heat stroke occurs at
a temperature of 41°C. To what is this
temperature equivalent on the
following scales?
A. Fahrenheit scale
B. Kelvin scale
61 SAMPLE PROBLEM
In the human body, heat stroke occurs at
a temperature of 41°C. To what is this
temperature equivalent on the
following scales?
A. Fahrenheit scale (106°F)
B. Kelvin scale (314K)
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