Chapter 2

Properties of materials
2.1Dissolving
• Solute is the substances that dissolves.
• Solvent is the substances that dissolves the solute.
• Together they make a solution, which is a mixture.
• All solution are transparent, but it doesn’t mean it is colourless.
• For example ,milk is opaque which is not transparent, therefore it is
not a solution
2.2 Solutions and solubility
• As mentioned previously, solution is made by dissolving solute in a
solvent.
• More particles of the solute are dissolved in a concentrated solution
than in a dilute solution.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
• SOLUBILITY
• A solid dissolved in a solvent such as water is said to be soluble. If it does not
dissolve in water, it is called insoluble.
• A saturated solution is when a solute is not longer dissolve in a solvent .
• Solubility varies from solute to solute, some solutes are easily soluble in water but
some are not.
• For example, sodium chloride has a greater solubility than lead chloride.
• Temperature is a great factor when it comes to solubility, the higher the
temperature, the faster the solute dissolves. This applied to most of the case.
• The reason behind is because hot water gives more energy to the particles which
makes the solute vibrate and move more to spread quicker.
2.3 Planning a solubility investigation
• When carrying out an experiment, there are many things to consider.
• The main things is the aim of the experiment and the variables.
• There are three variables,
• The variable you change is called independent variable.
• The variable you measure is called dependent variable.
• The variables you keep the same are the control variables.
2.4 Paper chromatography
• Colours in ink
• Paper chromatography is used to separate out different coloured inks.
• The more soluble the ink the further its particles are carried. Thefore
the most soluble ink will be the furthest from the black dot